Captain Frederick Wollaston Hutton (16 November 1836 – 27 October 1905) was an English-born New Zealand scientist who applied the theory of

natural selection Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the Heredity, heritable traits characteristic of a population over generation ...

to explain the origins and nature of the

natural history Natural history is a domain of inquiry involving organisms, including animals, fungi, and plants, in their natural environment, leaning more towards observational than experimental methods of study. A person who studies natural history is cal ...

New Zealand New Zealand () is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and List of islands of New Zealand, over 600 smaller islands. It is the List of isla ...

. Whilst an army officer, he embarked on an academic career in geology and biology, to become one of the most able and prolific nineteenth century naturalists of New Zealand.

Early life

Frederick Hutton's biographical accounts assert that he was born at

Gate Burton Gate Burton (sometimes called Burton Gate), is a village and civil parish in the West Lindsey Non-metropolitan district, district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated south from the town of Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, Gainsborough. The pop ...

Lincolnshire Lincolnshire (), abbreviated ''Lincs'', is a Ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county in the East Midlands and Yorkshire and the Humber regions of England. It is bordered by the East Riding of Yorkshire across the Humber estuary to th ...

, on 16 November 1836, and by parish records was baptised there on 27 January 1837; the second son of the Rev. Henry Frederick Hutton and his wife Louisa Wollaston, daughter of the Rev. Henry John Wollaston. Paternal grandfather, William Hutton, was the owner of the Gate Burton estate. His signed military statement of services, however, records that he was born at

Bracknell Bracknell () is a town and civil parish in Berkshire, England, the westernmost area within the Greater London Built-up Area, Greater London Urban Area and the administrative centre of the borough of Bracknell Forest. It lies to the east of Re ...

Berkshire Berkshire ( ; abbreviated ), officially the Royal County of Berkshire, is a Ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county in South East England. It is bordered by Oxfordshire to the north, Buckinghamshire to the north-east, Greater London ...

, England, on 16 November 1836. He received his early education through Southwell Grammar School, Notinghamshire, and, with a view to entering the

Royal Navy The Royal Navy (RN) is the naval warfare force of the United Kingdom. It is a component of His Majesty's Naval Service, and its officers hold their commissions from the King of the United Kingdom, King. Although warships were used by Kingdom ...

, the Royal Naval Academy at

Gosport Gosport ( ) is a town and non-metropolitan district with Borough status in the United Kingdom, borough status in Hampshire, England. At the 2021 United Kingdom census, 2021 Census, the town had a population of 70,131 and the district had a pop ...

, Hampshire. After brief service as a midshipman in Green's Merchant Service, with three voyages to India in the ''Alfred'', he went on to civil engineer studies at the applied science department of

King's College London King's College London (informally King's or KCL) is a public university, public research university in London, England. King's was established by royal charter in 1829 under the patronage of George IV of the United Kingdom, King George IV ...

in 1854–55.

Career

Military

At the age of 18.5 years, Hutton purchased a commission as ensign in the 23rd (Royal Welsh Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot on 18 May 1855. Stationed at

Malta Malta, officially the Republic of Malta, is an island country in Southern Europe located in the Mediterranean Sea, between Sicily and North Africa. It consists of an archipelago south of Italy, east of Tunisia, and north of Libya. The two ...

, November 1855–8 March 1856, he moved on to take part in the

Crimean War The Crimean War was fought between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, the Second French Empire, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861), Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont fro ...

, 9 March–21 July 1856, and Indian Mutiny, 28 September 1857 – 22 May 1858. Following Crimea, and having advanced to rank of lieutenant by purchase on 27 March 1857, the regiment embarked for the war in China but as with other forces, was diverted at

Singapore Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country and city-state in Southeast Asia. The country's territory comprises one main island, 63 satellite islands and islets, and one outlying islet. It is about one degree ...

Calcutta Kolkata, also known as Calcutta (List of renamed places in India#West Bengal, its official name until 2001), is the capital and largest city of the Indian States and union territories of India, state of West Bengal. It lies on the eastern ba ...

for the mutiny in India. Joining the army at

Lucknow Lucknow () is the List of state and union territory capitals in India, capital and the largest city of the List of state and union territory capitals in India, Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and it is the administrative headquarters of the epon ...

on 14 November, Hutton was present at the second relief of Lucknow, the defeat of the Gwalior Contingent in the second battle of Cawnpore and the retaking of Lucknow in March 1858, under the command of General Sir Colin Campbell. He was issued the Indian Mutiny Medal with two clasps—Relief of Lucknow, Lucknow. Transferred to 2nd Battalion of his regiment on 22 May 1858, he returned home in June 1858 to help raise it. After passing, through the School of Musketry,

Hythe, Kent Hythe () is an old market town and civil parish on the edge of Romney Marsh in Kent, England. ''Hythe'' is an Old English word meaning haven or landing place. History The earliest reference to Hythe is in Domesday Book (1086) though there i ...

, he was appointed Instructor of Musketry to his battalion on 2 November 1858, and accompanied his regiment to Malta. Back in England in 1860, and having devoted some study to geology, Hutton was elected a Fellow of the

Geological Society of London The Geological Society of London, known commonly as the Geological Society, is a learned society based in the United Kingdom. It is the oldest national geological society in the world and the largest in Europe, with more than 12,000 Fellows. Fe ...

(FGS). Over the next few years he completed military training at Staff College, Sandhurst, and Woolwich. He'd also taken a six month chemistry course in inorganic analysis with Professor George Downing Liveing,

Cambridge Cambridge ( ) is a List of cities in the United Kingdom, city and non-metropolitan district in the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It is the county town of Cambridgeshire and is located on the River Cam, north of London. As of the 2021 Unit ...

, then teaching at Sandhurst. In 1862, he was attached first to the

Royal Horse Artillery The Royal Horse Artillery (RHA) was formed in 1793 as a distinct arm of the Royal Regiment of Artillery (commonly termed Royal Artillery) to provide horse artillery support to the cavalry units of the British Army. Although the cavalry link rem ...

and thereafter to the

9th Lancers The 9th Queen's Royal Lancers was a cavalry regiment of the British Army, first raised in 1715. It saw service for three centuries, including the First and Second World Wars. The regiment survived the immediate post-war reduction in forces, ...

. Following elevation to rank of captain by purchase on 2 December 1862, he married Annie Gouger Montgomerie, at Holy Trinity, Paddington, London, on 4 February 1863. He re-joined his regiment at Malta but was appointed to the staff of Ireland from 11 September 1863, as Brigade Major, 2nd Infantry Brigade, at the

Curragh The Curragh ( ; ) is a flat open plain in County Kildare, Ireland. This area is well known for horse breeding and training. The Irish National Stud is on the edge of Kildare town, beside the Japanese Gardens. Pollardstown Fen, the larges ...

. That year he published the paper, ''The Importance of a Knowledge of Geology to Military Men'', in the Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. After some nine months at the Curragh, Hutton moved to head quarters in

Dublin Dublin is the capital and largest city of Republic of Ireland, Ireland. Situated on Dublin Bay at the mouth of the River Liffey, it is in the Provinces of Ireland, province of Leinster, and is bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, pa ...

as Deputy Assistant Quarter Master General from 1 July 1864, then, in November 1865, resigned and sold out of the army. During those years he had "geologised, more or less, in the

British Isles The British Isles are an archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean off the north-western coast of continental Europe, consisting of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, the Inner Hebrides, Inner and Outer Hebr ...

, parts of

Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...

France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...

Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...

Sicily Sicily (Italian language, Italian and ), officially the Sicilian Region (), is an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula in continental Europe and is one of the 20 regions of Italy, regions of Italy. With 4. ...

Crimea Crimea ( ) is a peninsula in Eastern Europe, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, almost entirely surrounded by the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov. The Isthmus of Perekop connects the peninsula to Kherson Oblast in mainland Ukrain ...

Gibraltar Gibraltar ( , ) is a British Overseas Territories, British Overseas Territory and British overseas cities, city located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula, on the Bay of Gibraltar, near the exit of the Mediterranean Sea into the A ...

, and

Switzerland Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland ...

in Europe;

Madeira Madeira ( ; ), officially the Autonomous Region of Madeira (), is an autonomous Regions of Portugal, autonomous region of Portugal. It is an archipelago situated in the North Atlantic Ocean, in the region of Macaronesia, just under north of ...

, St. Vincent (one of the C de Verde Isls) and

Cape Colony The Cape Colony (), also known as the Cape of Good Hope, was a British Empire, British colony in present-day South Africa named after the Cape of Good Hope. It existed from 1795 to 1802, and again from 1806 to 1910, when it united with three ...

in Africa; and in some parts of the Province of Bengal as far north as

and Futteghur". His latest work on

, "Sketch of the Physical Geology of the Maltese Islands", was published by ''The Geological Magazine'' in April 1866, following his service.

Scientific

The Huttons—Frederick, Annie, their children Alice and Gilbert, and two servants—left

Gravesend Gravesend is a town in northwest Kent, England, situated 21 miles (35 km) east-southeast of Charing Cross (central London) on the Bank (geography), south bank of the River Thames, opposite Tilbury in Essex. Located in the diocese of Roche ...

, on the clipper ''Queen of the North'', on 17 January 1866, bound for new opportunities in New Zealand. After a tedious voyage, passing

Tristan da Cunha Tristan da Cunha (), colloquially Tristan, is a remote group of volcano, volcanic islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is one of three constituent parts of the British Overseas Territories, British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascensi ...

Cape of Good Hope The Cape of Good Hope ( ) is a rocky headland on the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic coast of the Cape Peninsula in South Africa. A List of common misconceptions#Geography, common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Afri ...

Île Saint-Paul is an island forming part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands (, TAAF) in the Indian Ocean, with an area of . The island is located about south of the larger Île Amsterdam , northeast of the Kerguelen Islands, and southeast of Réuni ...

, South Cape of Tasmania,

Three Kings In Christianity, the Biblical Magi ( or ; singular: ), also known as the Three Wise Men, Three Kings, and Three Magi, are distinguished foreigners who visit Jesus after his birth, bearing gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh in homage to hi ...

and North Cape of New Zealand, the clipper came to anchor off Queen Street wharf,

Auckland Auckland ( ; ) is a large metropolitan city in the North Island of New Zealand. It has an urban population of about It is located in the greater Auckland Region, the area governed by Auckland Council, which includes outlying rural areas and ...

, on Monday, 11 June. In May 1867, Captain Hutton volunteered to take charge of

Auckland Museum The Auckland War Memorial Museum (), also known as Auckland Museum, is one of New Zealand's most important museums and war memorials. Its neoclassical architecture, neoclassical building constructed in the 1920s and 1950s, stands on Observatory ...

, articles of which had been suffering in its Grafton Road cottage, and sought to put the institution in good order with its relocation to the very large basement room of the new Provincial Government offices on the corner of Princes Street and Victoria Quadrant— The Northern Club building. Accepted as Honorary Curator by the Superintendent of Auckland Province, John Williamson, he worked his way through arranging and classifying the confused and inconsistently recorded collections. Additionally, he prepared exhibition of the objects, received further specimens, artefacts etc. and worked towards establishing a museum library. Hutton and

Thomas Gillies Thomas Bannatyne Gillies (17 January 1828 – 26 July 1889) was a 19th-century New Zealand lawyer, judge and politician. Early life He was born at Rothesay on the Isle of Bute, Scotland, on 17 January 1828. He was the eldest of nine children ...

initiated the inaugural public meeting of 6 November 1867, held in the Board Room of the Auckland Board of Commissioners, to establish the Auckland Philosophical Society; soon renamed Auckland Institute. The meeting was called immediately following a conversation they'd had in relation to the action taken by the General Assembly of New Zealand in constituting the New Zealand Institute.

James Hector Sir James Hector (16 March 1834 – 6 November 1907) was a Scottish-New Zealand geologist, naturalist, and surgeon who accompanied the Palliser Expedition as a surgeon and geologist. He went on to have a lengthy career as a government employed ...

, manager of the Institute in Wellington, had recently suggested to Gillies the propriety of establishing branches throughout New Zealand, especially in Auckland. Auckland Institute was formally incorporated with the New Zealand Institute on 10 June 1868. Auckland Museum was transferred to the Auckland Institute in October 1869. In 1867 he was employed by the Superintendent of Auckland to carry out a geological survey of the lower Waikato. On 8 June 1869, he reported the discovery of substantial coalfields between the Maramarua and Whangamarino rivers, which another settler intended to work for his flax mill. Later in 1869, Hutton and family sold their

Epsom Epsom is a town in the borough of Epsom and Ewell in Surrey, England, about south of central London. The town is first recorded as ''Ebesham'' in the 10th century and its name probably derives from that of a Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain ...

home in Auckland and moved to the Waikato, where he'd erected a steam-powered flax mill at Churchill, a station on the western bank of the

Waikato River The Waikato River is the longest river in New Zealand, running for through the North Island. It rises on the eastern slopes of Mount Ruapehu, joining the Tongariro River system and flowing through Lake Taupō, New Zealand's largest lake. It th ...

, near Whangape Stream. Hutton's venture, however, proved uneconomic and in consequence his flax mill with 500 acres of flax land, along with a farm of 2,000 acres situated on

Lake Whangape Lake Whangape (also written as Wangape, Whangapu, or Whangapae) is shallow, supertrophic, lateral and the second largest lake (after Lake Waikare) in the lower Waikato River basin in New Zealand. One source said the name translated to 'a large ...

, were put up for sale in March 1872. He'd joined the Geological Survey of New Zealand in 1866, becoming Provincial Geologist of

Otago Otago (, ; ) is a regions of New Zealand, region of New Zealand located in the southern half of the South Island and administered by the Otago Regional Council. It has an area of approximately , making it the country's second largest local go ...

in 1874. At the same time, he was made lecturer in geology at the

University of Otago The University of Otago () is a public university, public research university, research collegiate university based in Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand. Founded in 1869, Otago is New Zealand's oldest university and one of the oldest universities in ...

and curator of the museum there. After the

1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera The 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera was a violent volcanic eruption that occurred in the early hours of 10 June 1886 at Mount Tarawera, near Rotorua on New Zealand's North Island. The eruption reached an estimated volcanic explosivity index (VE ...

he wrote one of the official reports and postulated the eruption was due to moltern material reaching the surface in a volcanic dyke. Hutton became professor of biology at Canterbury College in 1880, and was elected a

Fellow of the Royal Society Fellowship of the Royal Society (FRS, ForMemRS and HonFRS) is an award granted by the Fellows of the Royal Society of London to individuals who have made a "substantial contribution to the improvement of natural science, natural knowledge, incl ...

in 1892. The following year, he also took on the curatorship of the Canterbury Museum. Towards the end of his life, Hutton was made president of the

Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union The Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union (RAOU), now part of BirdLife Australia, was Australia's largest non-government, non-profit, bird conservation organisation. It was founded in 1901 to promote the study and conservation of the native b ...

. He was awarded the

Clarke Medal The Clarke Medal is awarded by the Royal Society of New South Wales, the oldest learned society in Australia and the Southern Hemisphere, for distinguished work in the Natural sciences. The medal is named in honour of the Reverend William Branwh ...

by the

Royal Society of New South Wales The Royal Society of New South Wales is a learned society based in Sydney, Australia. The Governor of New South Wales is the vice-regal patron of the Society. It is the oldest learned society in the Southern Hemisphere. The Society traces its ...

in 1891. He was the first President of the New Zealand Institute (which later became the Royal Society of New Zealand), from 1904 to his death in 1905; he was followed by Sir James Hector. He was one of the inaugural vice-chairmen of the New Zealand Alpine Club, which was founded in July 1891. He worked successively at the Colonial Museum, Wellington (1871–1873) (now called

Te Papa The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa is New Zealand's national museum and is located in Wellington. Usually known as Te Papa (Māori language, Māori for 'Waka huia, the treasure box'), it opened in 1998 after the merging of the Nation ...

Tongarewa Museum of New Zealand);

Otago Museum Otago (, ; ) is a region of New Zealand located in the southern half of the South Island and administered by the Otago Regional Council. It has an area of approximately , making it the country's second largest local government region. Its po ...

, Dunedin (1874–1879); and the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch (1887–1905). Hutton plaque

Hutton died on the return voyage on the SS ''Rimutaka'' from England on 27 October 1905, and was

buried at sea Burial at sea is the disposal of human remains in the ocean, normally from a ship, boat or aircraft. It is regularly performed by navies, and is done by private citizens in many countries. Burial-at-sea services are conducted at many different ...

off

Cape Town Cape Town is the legislature, legislative capital city, capital of South Africa. It is the country's oldest city and the seat of the Parliament of South Africa. Cape Town is the country's List of municipalities in South Africa, second-largest ...

, South Africa. He is commemorated in the Hutton Medal and Hutton Memorial Fund, awarded for scientific works bearing on the

zoology Zoology ( , ) is the scientific study of animals. Its studies include the anatomy, structure, embryology, Biological classification, classification, Ethology, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinction, extinct, and ...

botany Botany, also called plant science, is the branch of natural science and biology studying plants, especially Plant anatomy, their anatomy, Plant taxonomy, taxonomy, and Plant ecology, ecology. A botanist or plant scientist is a scientist who s ...

or geology of New Zealand. Hutton's shearwater (''Puffinus huttoni''), a sea bird, was named after him and the cave wētā '' Neonetus huttoni.''

Evolution

In 1860, he wrote a supportive review of

Charles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin ( ; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English Natural history#Before 1900, naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology. His proposition that all speci ...

's ''

On the Origin of Species ''On the Origin of Species'' (or, more completely, ''On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life'')The book's full original title was ''On the Origin of Species by M ...

'' for the journal, '' The Geologist''.Stenhouse, John. (1990). ''Darwin's Captain: F. W. Hutton and the Nineteenth-Century Darwinian Debates''. ''

Journal of the History of Biology The ''Journal of the History of Biology'' is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering the history of biology as well as philosophical and social issues confronting biology. It is published by Springer Science+Business Media and the edito ...

'' 23 (3): 411–442. In 1861, he wrote an article defending Darwinism in the same journal. Hutton defended Darwin from the objections of creationist

Adam Sedgwick Adam Sedgwick FRS (; 22 March 1785 – 27 January 1873) was a British geologist and Anglican priest, one of the founders of modern geology. He proposed the Cambrian and Devonian period of the geological timescale. Based on work which he did ...

, which he described as "gross ironical misrepresentations". He wrote that

creationism Creationism is the faith, religious belief that nature, and aspects such as the universe, Earth, life, and humans, originated with supernatural acts of Creation myth, divine creation, and is often Pseudoscience, pseudoscientific.#Gunn 2004, Gun ...

was a "mere assertion, an evasion of the question, a cloak for ignorance." Throughout his life, Hutton remained a staunch exponent of Darwin's theories of

, and Darwin himself expressed his appreciation in a letter to Hutton.

Taxa

Taxa described and named by Hutton include: *''Cabalus modestus'' (Hutton, 1872) – the Chatham rail *'' Callochiton empleurus'' (Hutton, 1872) – a

chiton Chitons () are marine molluscs of varying size in the class Polyplacophora ( ), formerly known as Amphineura. About 940 extant and 430 fossil species are recognized. They are also sometimes known as sea cradles or coat-of-mail shells or suck ...

*'' Ericentrus rubrus'' (Hutton, 1872) – the orange clinid *'' Phosichthys argenteus'' Hutton, 1872 – a lightfish *'' Stegnaster inflatus'' (Hutton, 1872) – a

sea star Starfish or sea stars are Star polygon, star-shaped echinoderms belonging to the class (biology), class Asteroidea (). Common usage frequently finds these names being also applied to brittle star, ophiuroids, which are correctly referred to ...

*'' Bittium exile'' (Hutton, 1873) – a marine

snail A snail is a shelled gastropod. The name is most often applied to land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. However, the common name ''snail'' is also used for most of the members of the molluscan class Gas ...

*''Colistium guntheri'' (Hutton, 1873) – the New Zealand brill *'' Comitas trailli'' (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail *'' Dentalium nanum'' Hutton, 1873 *'' Herpetopoma bella'' (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail *''Leptonotus elevatus'' high-body pipefish Leptonotus elevatus (F. W. Hutton, 1872) *''

Margarella antipoda rosea ''Cantharidus antipodum'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.Rosenberg, G. (2012). ''Cantharidus antipoda'' (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1854). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Speci ...

'' (Hutton, 1873) – a subspecies of marine snail *'' Margarella fulminata'' (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail *'' Novastoa lamellosa'' (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail *'' Pterotyphis eos'' (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail *'' Pterotyphis zealandicus'' (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail *'' Pupa kirki'' (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail *''Rhombosolea retiaria'' Hutton, 1873 – the black flounder *''Scorpis violacea'' (Hutton, 1873) – the blue maomao *'' Thoristella chathamensis'' (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail *'' Trichosirius inornatus'' (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail *'' Uberella vitrea'' (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail *'' Xymene plebeius'' (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail *'' Xymene traversi'' (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail *'' Zeacolpus symmetricus'' (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail *'' Zeacolpus vittatus'' (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail *'' Jasus edwardsii'' (Hutton, 1875) – a spiny lobster *''Paratrachichthys trailli'' (Hutton, 1875) – the sandpaper fish or common roughy *''Bidenichthys consobrinus'' (Hutton, 1876) – the grey brotula or orange cuskeel *''

Anomia trigonopsis ''Anomia trigonopsis'', also known as the New Zealand jingle, is a species of marine bivalve mollusc in the family Anomiidae Anomiidae is a family of saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs related to scallops and oysters, and known as ...

'' Hutton, 1877 – a marine

bivalve Bivalvia () or bivalves, in previous centuries referred to as the Lamellibranchiata and Pelecypoda, is a class (biology), class of aquatic animal, aquatic molluscs (marine and freshwater) that have laterally compressed soft bodies enclosed b ...

*''Notolabrus cinctus'' (Hutton, 1877) – the girdled wrasse *''Eudyptes filholi'' Hutton, 1879 – the

eastern rockhopper penguin The eastern rockhopper penguin (''Eudyptes filholi''), also known as the tawaki piki toka, is a crested penguin with yellow crest feathers. It was formerly treated as conspecific with the western rockhopper penguin with the name "southern rockh ...

*'' Leuconopsis obsoleta'' (Hutton, 1878) – a land snail *'' Proxiuber australe'' (Hutton, 1878) – a marine snail *'' Proxiuber hulmei'' (Hutton, 1878) – a marine snail *'' Thoristella oppressa'' (Hutton, 1878) – a land snail *''Gallirallus philippensis macquariensis'' (Hutton, 1879) – the Macquarie Island rail *'' Pseudaneitea papillata'' (Hutton, 1879) – a

slug Slug, or land slug, is a common name for any apparently shell-less Terrestrial mollusc, terrestrial gastropod mollusc. The word ''slug'' is also often used as part of the common name of any gastropod mollusc that has no shell, a very reduced ...

*'' Patelloida corticata'' (Hutton, 1880) – a

limpet Limpets are a group of aquatic snails with a conical gastropod shell, shell shape (patelliform) and a strong, muscular foot. This general category of conical shell is known as "patelliform" (dish-shaped). Existing within the class Gastropoda, ...

* Latiidae Hutton, 1882 – a family of freshwater molluscs *'' Cytora calva'' (Hutton, 1883) – a land snail *'' Cytora pallida'' (Hutton, 1883) – a land snail *'' Cytora pannosa'' (Hutton, 1883) – a land snail *'' Homalopoma fluctuata'' (Hutton, 1883) – a marine snail *'' Lamellaria cerebroides'' Hutton, 1883 – a marine snail *'' Rhytida australis'' Hutton, 1883 – a land snail *'' Rhytida citrina'' Hutton, 1883 – a land snail *'' Rhytida patula'' Hutton, 1883 – a land snail *'' Fossarina rimata'' (Hutton, 1884) – a marine snail *'' Micrelenchus caelatus'' (Hutton, 1884) – a marine snail *'' Otoconcha'' Hutton, 1884 – a land snail genus *'' Leuconopsis'' Hutton, 1884 – a land snail genus *'' Microvoluta marginata'' (Hutton, 1885) – a marine snail *'' Powelliphanta lignaria'' (Hutton, 1888) – a land snail *'' Argosarchus'' Hutton, 1898 – a

stick insect The Phasmatodea (also known as Phasmida or Phasmatoptera) are an order of insects whose members are variously known as stick insects, stick bugs, walkingsticks, stick animals, or bug sticks. They are also occasionally referred to as Devil's da ...

genus *'' Hemideina ricta'' (Hutton, 1896) – a tree weta *'' Isoplectron armatus'' (Hutton, 1896) – a cave wētā *'' Paprides armillaus'' (Hutton, 1897) – an alpine grasshopper *'' Paprides australis'' (Hutton, 1897) – an alpine grasshopper *'' Paprides torquatus'' (Hutton, 1897) – an alpine grasshopper *'' Exsul singularis'' Hutton, 1901 – an alpine fly * * *

Publications

* * * * * Accompanied by Plates VIII and IX, Figures 1–9. * * * * * Includes ''Notes on the Edible Fishes of New Zealand'' by

. * * * With appendices by J. G. Black and James McKerrow. * * * * * * * * * * A complete list of all animals recorded in New Zealand. * A popular edition. * A revised and enlarged edition. * * * * * *

Family

Hutton married Annie Gouger Montgomerie, daughter of William Montgomerie and his wife Elizabeth Graham, at Trinity Church, Paddington, London, on 4 February 1863; William had been Superintending Surgeon of the HEIC Bengal Medical Service, and had received the Gold Medal of the Society of Arts for introducing gutta percha into Europe as a general utility. Their children included Gilbert Montgomerie Hutton (1865–1911) of the Royal Engineers.

Arms of Frederick Wollaston Hutton

''Armorial bearings''—Or, on a fesse sable, surmounted by a pale invected of the last, pierced of the field, three stags' heads caboshed counterchanged. ''Mantling'' sable and or. ''Crest''—On a wreath of the colours, in front of a fern-brake proper, a stag's head caboshed or. ''Motto''— Post tenebras spero lucem (After darkness, I hope for light) ''Crest''—A stag's head caboshed or. ''Motto''— Post tenebras spero lucem (After darkness, I hope for light).

References

External links

* * *
Various digitised writings of F. W. Hutton
held by the

Biodiversity Heritage Library The Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL) is the world’s largest open-access digital library for biodiversity literature and archives. BHL operates as a worldwide consortium of natural history, botanical, research, and national libraries working ...

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hutton, Frederick 1836 births 1905 deaths Alumni of King's College London British Army personnel of the Crimean War British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 British carcinologists Critics of creationism English biologists English geologists New Zealand fellows of the Royal Society 19th-century New Zealand biologists 19th-century New Zealand zoologists New Zealand ornithologists People educated at Southwell Minster Collegiate Grammar School People from West Lindsey District People who died at sea Royal Welch Fusiliers officers Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst Academic staff of the University of Canterbury Academic staff of the University of Otago Burials at sea Directors of Canterbury Museum, Christchurch Presidents of the Royal Society of New Zealand 20th-century New Zealand zoologists People associated with the Auckland War Memorial Museum People associated with Otago Museum Military personnel from Lincolnshire