Nida Heddernheim Karte Frankfurter Silberinschrift

The Frankfurt silver inscription is an 18-line

Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...

engraving on a piece of silver foil, housed in a protective

amulet An amulet, also known as a good luck charm or phylactery, is an object believed to confer protection upon its possessor. The word "amulet" comes from the Latin word , which Pliny's ''Natural History'' describes as "an object that protects a perso ...

dating to the mid-

3rd century AD The 3rd century was the period from AD 201 (represented by the Roman numerals CCI) to AD 300 (CCC) in accordance with the Julian calendar. In this century, the Roman Empire saw a crisis, starting with the assassination of the Roman Emperor S ...

. Due to its reference to

Jesus Christ Jesus (AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ, Jesus of Nazareth, and many Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament, other names and titles, was a 1st-century Jewish preacher and religious leader. He is the Jesus in Chris ...

, it represents the oldest known evidence of Christianity north of the

Alps The Alps () are some of the highest and most extensive mountain ranges in Europe, stretching approximately across eight Alpine countries (from west to east): Monaco, France, Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Germany, Austria and Slovenia. ...

, and from its explicit invocation of

Saint Titus Titus ( ; , ''Títos'') was an early Christian missionary and church leader, a companion and disciple of Paul the Apostle, mentioned in several of the Pauline epistles including the Epistle to Titus. He is believed to be a Gentile converted to Ch ...

, it is the earliest evidence of the Christian practice and belief of the veneration and

intercession of saints The intercession of saints is a Catholic doctrine that maintains that saints can intercession, intercede for others. To intercede is to go or come between two parties, to plead before one of them on behalf of the other. In ecclesiastical usage bo ...

. The amulet was discovered in 2018 during archaeological excavations at a cemetery near the former

Roman Roman or Romans most often refers to: *Rome, the capital city of Italy *Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD *Roman people, the people of Roman civilization *Epistle to the Romans, shortened to Romans, a letter w ...

town of Nida, located in the northwestern suburbs of

Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt am Main () is the most populous city in the States of Germany, German state of Hesse. Its 773,068 inhabitants as of 2022 make it the List of cities in Germany by population, fifth-most populous city in Germany. Located in the forela ...

. The amulet was intended to ward off

demons A demon is a malevolent supernatural entity. Historically, belief in demons, or stories about demons, occurs in folklore, mythology, religion, occultism, and literature; these beliefs are reflected in media including fiction, comics, film, t ...

, and invokes Jesus and Saint Titus for protection. It contains the earliest known written use of the

Trisagion The ''Trisagion'' (; 'Thrice Holy'), sometimes called by its incipit ''Agios O Theos'', is a standard hymn of the Divine Liturgy in most of the Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodox, Western Orthodox, Oriental Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodox, an ...

. The amulet quotes lines from the

Epistle to the Philippians The Epistle to the Philippians is a Pauline epistle of the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The epistle is attributed to Paul the Apostle and Saint Timothy, Timothy is named with him as co-author or co-sender. The letter is addressed to ...

in Latin translation.

Discovery

In her work about Nida, presented an overview of the multiple burial sites at Nida, a Roman border town that was inhabited from the 1st until the late 3rd centuries. The existence of a grave field near ''Heilmannstraße'' in Frankfurt's

Praunheim Praunheim is a quarter of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. It is part of the '' Ortsbezirk Mitte-West'' and is subdivided into five ''Stadtbezirke'': Praunheim, Praunheim-Nord, Praunheim-Süd, Alt-Praunheim and Westhausen. It is located along the north ...

district has been known since the 19th century, with a total of twelve burials excavated between 1893 and 2016. In 2017, an

archaeological excavation In archaeology, excavation is the exposure, processing and recording of archaeological remains. An excavation site or "dig" is the area being studied. These locations range from one to several areas at a time during a project and can be condu ...

at ''Heilmannstraße 10'' revealed the presence of an entire cemetery. During a second dig in 2018, more of the site was excavated, and a total of 127 burials were identified. Among the burials was a man aged approximately 35 to 45. Beneath his chin, archaeologists found a silver amulet capsule measuring in length and in width. Inside the capsule was a rolled, folded, and crumpled silver foil, long. Based on burial goods, including an

incense burner A censer, incense burner, perfume burner or pastille burner is a vessel made for burning incense or perfume in some solid form. They vary greatly in size, form, and material of construction, and have been in use since ancient times throughout t ...

and a mug made of baked

clay Clay is a type of fine-grained natural soil material containing clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g. kaolinite, ). Most pure clay minerals are white or light-coloured, but natural clays show a variety of colours from impuriti ...

, the burial was dated to between 230 and 270. Isotopic analysis of the remains, aimed to determine the man's origins, are underway; however, as of 2024, the results of that analysis are pending. During restoration at the , the amulet and silver foil were separated. In 2019,

X-ray imaging Radiography is an imaging technology, imaging technique using X-rays, gamma rays, or similar ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation to view the internal form of an object. Applications of radiography include medical ("diagnostic" radiog ...

revealed the presence of an inscription on the inside of the silver foil. The thin, fragile foil could not be unrolled physically, so it was scanned via

computed tomography A computed tomography scan (CT scan), formerly called computed axial tomography scan (CAT scan), is a medical imaging technique used to obtain detailed internal images of the body. The personnel that perform CT scans are called radiographers or ...

by the and

Goethe University Frankfurt Goethe University Frankfurt () is a public research university located in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. It was founded in 1914 as a citizens' university, which means it was founded and funded by the wealthy and active liberal citizenry of Frankfurt ...

. A

3D model In 3D computer graphics, 3D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical coordinate-based representation of a surface of an object (inanimate or living) in three dimensions via specialized software by manipulating edges, vertices, and ...

of the foil was created, enabling virtual unrolling. The artifact and its inscription were publicly unveiled during a December 2024 press conference in Frankfurt am Main, after which the piece was added to the permanent collection of the Frankfurt Archaeological Museum.

The inscription

The text on the silver foil invokes the name of the Christian God for protection. The inscription refers to

multiple times and identifies him as the

Son of God Historically, many rulers have assumed titles such as the son of God, the son of a god or the son of heaven. The term "Son of God" is used in the Hebrew Bible as another way to refer to humans who have a special relationship with God. In Exo ...

. It is mostly complete, except for a few gaps on the left margin that can be interpreted in different ways. In the first three lines, the text invokes

, followed by a

("''holy, holy, holy''") and a reference to Jesus Christ, Son of God. This is followed by several sentences that praise Jesus. In the final six lines, it quotes

Paul Paul may refer to: People * Paul (given name), a given name, including a list of people * Paul (surname), a list of people * Paul the Apostle, an apostle who wrote many of the books of the New Testament * Ray Hildebrand, half of the singing duo ...

's Christ poem, Philippians 2:10–11, in an early Latin translation. The writing, a mixture of

majuscule Letter case is the distinction between the letters that are in larger uppercase or capitals (more formally '' majuscule'') and smaller lowercase (more formally '' minuscule'') in the written representation of certain languages. The writing syste ...

and minuscule cursives, can be dated to the 3rd century.

Significance

The 3rd-century piece functioned as a magical protective amulet, meant to ward off

and safeguard its wearer. At that time, Christians were still subject to persecution within the Roman Empire. Most other known early Christian amulets feature writing in

Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...

Hebrew Hebrew (; ''ʿÎbrit'') is a Northwest Semitic languages, Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family. A regional dialect of the Canaanite languages, it was natively spoken by the Israelites and ...

, but not Latin. Its sophisticated style indicates that the writer was an elaborate

scribe A scribe is a person who serves as a professional copyist, especially one who made copies of manuscripts before the invention of Printing press, automatic printing. The work of scribes can involve copying manuscripts and other texts as well as ...

. According to the archaeologist , what is unique about this inscription is that it exclusively features Christian content rather than

polytheistic Polytheism is the belief in or worship of more than one Deity, god. According to Oxford Reference, it is not easy to count gods, and so not always obvious whether an apparently polytheistic religion, such as Chinese folk religions, is really so, ...

elements. Similar artifacts often invoke various

deities A deity or god is a supernatural being considered to be sacred and worthy of worship due to having authority over some aspect of the universe and/or life. The ''Oxford Dictionary of English'' defines ''deity'' as a God (male deity), god or god ...

, whereas this inscription completely lacks elements from Judaism or

paganism Paganism (, later 'civilian') is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christians for people in the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, or ethnic religions other than Christianity, Judaism, and Samaritanism. In the time of the ...

. It was only in the 5th century that amulets made of

precious metal Precious metals are rare, naturally occurring metallic chemical elements of high Value (economics), economic value. Precious metals, particularly the noble metals, are more corrosion resistant and less reactivity (chemistry), chemically reac ...

stopped commonly representing a variety of different faiths in parallel. The only comparable artifact from an area east of the

Rhine The Rhine ( ) is one of the List of rivers of Europe, major rivers in Europe. The river begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps. It forms part of the Swiss-Liechtenstein border, then part of the Austria–Swit ...

comes from a child's grave at the Roman bath ruins of

Badenweiler Badenweiler (High Alemannic: ''Badewiler'') is a health resort and spa in the Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald district of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, historically in the Markgräflerland. It is 28 kilometers by road and rail from Basel, 10 kilome ...

, and that inscription invoked both the Christian-Jewish God and a Germanic spring deity. The meaning of the artifact for the

history of early Christianity Early Christianity, otherwise called the Early Church or Paleo-Christianity, describes the historical era of the Christian religion up to the First Council of Nicaea in 325. Christianity spread from the Levant, across the Roman Empire, and bey ...

remains a subject of further study. For example, according to Scholz, it must now be examined whether the Latin version of Paul's letter to the Philippians is the oldest source for it to date. According to the church historian from the

University of Bonn The University of Bonn, officially the Rhenish Friedrich Wilhelm University of Bonn (), is a public research university in Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It was founded in its present form as the () on 18 October 1818 by Frederick Willi ...

, the inscription is among the earliest attestations of the

New Testament The New Testament (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon. It discusses the teachings and person of Jesus in Christianity, Jesus, as well as events relating to Christianity in the 1st century, first-century Christianit ...

in Roman

Germania Germania ( ; ), also more specifically called Magna Germania (English: ''Great Germania''), Germania Libera (English: ''Free Germania''), or Germanic Barbaricum to distinguish it from the Roman provinces of Germania Inferior and Germania Superio ...

. It also marks the first known usage of the Trisagion anywhere in the

Christian liturgy Christian liturgy is a pattern for Christian worship, worship used (whether recommended or prescribed) by a Christian congregation or Christian denomination, denomination on a regular basis. The term liturgy comes from Greek and means "public work ...

. Scholars believe the discovery necessitates rewriting the history of the spread of Christianity in northern Europe, pushing back its known history by 50 to 100 years. While there is indirect evidence for Christian communities in

Gaul Gaul () was a region of Western Europe first clearly described by the Roman people, Romans, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, and Northern Italy. It covered an area of . Ac ...

and Upper Germania, like the persecution of Christians in Lugdunum (modern

Lyon Lyon (Franco-Provençal: ''Liyon'') is a city in France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of the French Alps, southeast of Paris, north of Marseille, southwest of Geneva, Switzerland, north ...

) in 177, the first reliable evidence of Christianity north of the Alps until now was a mention of Maternus,

bishop of Cologne The Archbishop of Cologne governs the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne in western North Rhine-Westphalia. Historically, the archbishop was ''ex officio'' one of the prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire and ruled the Electorate of Cologne ...

, who participated in the Synod of Rome in 313.

Notes

References

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The Jerusalem Post ''The Jerusalem Post'' is an English language, English-language Israeli broadsheet newspaper based in Jerusalem, Israel, founded in 1932 during the Mandate for Palestine, British Mandate of Mandatory Palestine, Palestine by Gershon Agron as ''Th ...

, title=Archaeologists uncover earliest Christian inscription north of the Alps in Frankfurt, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214102958/https://www.jpost.com/archaeology/archaeology-around-the-world/article-833093, archive-date=14 December 2024, url-status=live {{Cite news, url=https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/1-800-year-old-silver-amulet-could-rewrite-history-of-christianity-in-the-early-roman-empire, date=15 December 2024, access-date=22 December 2024, title=1,800-year-old silver amulet could rewrite history of Christianity in the early Roman Empire, first=Kristina, last=Killgrove, website=livescience.com, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222014439/https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/1-800-year-old-silver-amulet-could-rewrite-history-of-christianity-in-the-early-roman-empire, archive-date=22 December 2024, url-status=live {{cite web, url=https://www.presseportal.de/pm/151290/5928571, title=Frankfurter Silberinschrift: Ältestes christliches Zeugnis nördlich der Alpen gefunden, trans-title=Frankfurt Silver Inscription: Oldest Christian Evidence North of the Alps Found, date=11 December 2024, access-date=13 December 2024, website=presseportal.de, language=de, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211205611/https://www.presseportal.de/pm/151290/5928571, archive-date=11 December 2024, url-status=live {{Cite news, url=https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/frankfurt-am-main-archaeologen-haben-aeltestes-christliches-zeugnis-noerdlich-der-alpen-entdeckt-a-45669f5d-d56e-4877-87b9-c08ca551e1e6, title=Archäologen haben ältestes christliches Zeugnis nördlich der Alpen entdeckt, trans-title=Archaeologists Discover Oldest Christian Evidence North of the Alps, website=spiegel.de, date=11 December 2024, access-date=13 December 2024, language=de, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213134404/https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/frankfurt-am-main-archaeologen-haben-aeltestes-christliches-zeugnis-noerdlich-der-alpen-entdeckt-a-45669f5d-d56e-4877-87b9-c08ca551e1e6, archive-date=13 December 2024, url-status=live {{Cite web, url=https://www.thenewstribune.com/news/nation-world/world/article296997439.html, title=Mysterious ancient amulet turns out to be oldest trace of Christianity north of Alps, first=Aspen, last=Pflughoeft, date=12 December 2024, access-date=13 December 2024, language=en, publisher=

The News Tribune ''The News Tribune'' is an American daily newspaper based in Tacoma, Washington. It is the second-largest daily newspaper in the state of Washington with a weekday circulation of 30,945 in 2020. With origins dating back to 1883, the newspaper w ...

, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214102808/https://www.thenewstribune.com/news/nation-world/world/article296997439.html, archive-date=14 December 2024, url-status=live {{Cite web, url=https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/news/university-of-bonn-researcher-involved-in-sensational-find-in-frankfurt, title= University of Bonn Researcher Involved in Sensational Find in Frankfurt, publisher=

, date=13 December 2024, access-date=13 December 2024, language=en, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214103346/https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/news/university-of-bonn-researcher-involved-in-sensational-find-in-frankfurt, archive-date=14 December 2024, url-status=live {{Cite news, url=https://www.welt.de/wissenschaft/article254844358/Archaeologie-Frankfurter-Silberamulett-birgt-fruehes-Glaubensbekenntnis-zum-Christentum.html, title="Heilig, heilig, heilig", trans-title=Holy, holy, holy, first=Sonja, last=Kastilan, website=welt.de, date=15 December 2024, access-date=17 December 2024, language=de, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216173736/https://www.welt.de/wissenschaft/article254844358/Archaeologie-Frankfurter-Silberamulett-birgt-fruehes-Glaubensbekenntnis-zum-Christentum.html, archive-date=16 December 2024, url-status=live

External links

* Frankfurt am Main
''Pressekonferenz zur Vorstellung eines archäologischen Sensationsfundes''
(Press conference on the presentation of a sensational archaeological discovery), 11 December 2024, YouTube (video, 57 minutes; a transcription of the text is shown at 25:41 minutes) * Images o
the virtually unrolled amulet
an
the text of the inscription

A similar artifact
that was discovered in

Bulgaria Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern portion of the Balkans directly south of the Danube river and west of the Black Sea. Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey t ...