Franco Archibugi (18 September 1926 – 23 November 2020) was an Italian scholar in political, economic and social sciences, university professor in

economic policy ''Economic Policy'' is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Oxford University Press, Oxford Academic on behalf of the Centre for Economic Policy Research, the Center for Economic Studies (University of Munich), and the Paris Scho ...

and

spatial planning Spatial planning mediates between the respective claims on space of the state, market, and community. In so doing, three different mechanisms of involving stakeholders, integrating sectoral policies and promoting development projects mark the th ...

. He largely operated in Italy and in international governmental agencies; including in the field of economic development, social welfare and cooperation policy. Archibugi was the author of several works in planning theory and methodology, and was among the theorists and promoters of a new unitary discipline of planning – the “Planology” – aimed at creating a bridge between the theoretical scientific progress in economics and other social sciences with the actual political and administrative efficiency and management. After retiring from academia, he was still an active researcher as President of the Planning Studies Centre. He died in Rome in November 2020 at the age of 94.

Biography

Born in Rome in 1926 and son of the violinist Corrado Archibugi and Adelina Francia, he was the grandson of the art historian Ennio Francia. He participated in the Resistance with small demonstrative actions such as the throwing of leaflets of socialists in cinemas and with the scattering of four-pointed nails on the Via Flaminia in Rome. After the liberation of Rome in 1944, he was one of the leaders of the renewed Italian Socialist Youth Federation led by Matteo Matteotti, Leo Solari and Mario Zagari, with whom a long association was born together with his peer Giorgio Ruffolo. In those years, he also contributed to the foundation of the Italian Section of the

Fourth International The Fourth International (FI) was a political international established in France in 1938 by Leon Trotsky and his supporters, having been expelled from the Soviet Union and the Communist International (also known as Comintern or the Third Inte ...

, together with Giorgio Ruffolo and

Livio Maitan Livio Maitan (April 1, 1923 – September 16, 2004) was an Italian Trotskyist, a leader of Bandiera Rossa Association (Italy), Associazione Bandiera Rossa and of the Fourth International. He was born in Venice and died in Rome. Life and career H ...

. He had his first job at the Ministry of Reconstruction, collaborating closely with the Minister

Meuccio Ruini Meuccio Ruini (14 December 1877 – 6 March 1970) was an Italian jurist and socialist politician who served as the president of the Italian Senate and the minister of the colonies. Biography After graduating in law from the University of Bologna, ...

and with his head of cabinet

Federico Caffè Federico Caffè (born 6 January 1914; disappeared 15 April 1987; declared dead 30 October 1998) was a notable Italian economist from the Keynesian School. Early life Caffè graduated in Business Sciences from the University of Rome La Sapien ...

, representing Italy in Europe for the implementation of the

Marshall Plan The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative enacted in 1948 to provide foreign aid to Western Europe. The United States transferred $13.3 billion (equivalent to $ in ) in economic recovery pr ...

. With Federico Caffè, he maintained a deep friendship until his disappearance. Student of the Institute of Philosophy of the Faculty of Letters and Philosophy of the

Sapienza University of Rome The Sapienza University of Rome (), formally the Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", abbreviated simply as Sapienza ('Wisdom'), is a Public university, public research university located in Rome, Italy. It was founded in 1303 and is ...

, he had as teacher Guido Calogero and as friends and classmates brilliant young people such as Lucio Colletti, Emilio Garroni, Tullio Gregory and Gennaro Sasso, writing his thesis on German Enlightenment under the guidance of Carlo Antoni. After the split of the

Italian Socialist Party The Italian Socialist Party (, PSI) was a Social democracy, social democratic and Democratic socialism, democratic socialist political party in Italy, whose history stretched for longer than a century, making it one of the longest-living parti ...

, he joined, together with the entire Socialist Youth Federation, the Italian Liberal Socialist Party (later PSDI) led by

Giuseppe Saragat Giuseppe Saragat (; 19 September 1898 – 11 June 1988) was an Italian politician and statesman who served as President of Italy from 1964 to 1971. Early life Saragat was born on 19 September 1898 in Turin, Piedmont, Kingdom of Italy, to Sard ...

. He started working at

Italian Confederation of Workers' Trade Unions The Italian Confederation of Trades Unions (, ; CISL ) is a national trade union centre in Italy representing various Catholic-inspired groups linked with Christian Democracy party. It was founded on 30 April 1950, when Catholics in the Italian ...

(CISL), collaborating with Pietro Merli Brandini. After the death of

Eugenio Colorni Eugenio Colorni (22 April 1909 – 30 May 1944) was an Italian philosopher and anti-fascist activist. Life Born in Milan, Colorni taught philosophy at the University of Trieste, and was active in the anti-fascist Giustizia e Libertà movement. ...

, in 1944, he had a long friendship with Ernesto Rossi, connected to the joint professional commitment for the Italian economic reconstruction and to the common pro-European ideals. He was later one of the young officials who initiated the process of European integration as Director General of the

European Coal and Steel Community The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was a European organization created after World War II to integrate Europe's coal and steel industries into a single common market based on the principle of supranationalism which would be governe ...

in the late 1950s. Ideally close to the socialist intellectuals, he had progressively distanced himself from the PSI when

Bettino Craxi Benedetto "Bettino" Craxi ( ; ; ; 24 February 1934 – 19 January 2000) was an Italian politician and statesman, leader of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) from 1976 to 1993, and the 45th Prime Minister of Italy, prime minister of Italy from 1 ...

was appointed secretary, so much so that he supported other lists such as that of the Radical Party in 1987 and that led by

Massimo Severo Giannini Massimo Severo Giannini (8 March 1915 – 24 January 2000) was an Italian politician and jurist. He was Minister from 1979 to 1980. He also was a member of the Accademia dei Lincei and vice president of the Higher Council for Cultural Heritage. B ...

in 1992. Archibugi was one of the promoters of programming in Italy in the 1960s, collaborating closely with

Antonio Giolitti Antonio Giolitti (12 February 1915 – 8 February 2010) was an Italian politician and cabinet member. He was the grandson of Giovanni Giolitti, the well-known liberal statesman of the pre-fascist period who served as Prime Minister of Italy five ...

and Giorgio Ruffolo. Professor of Urban Planning, he has taught at

University of Calabria The University of Calabria () is a state-run university in Italy. Located in Arcavacata, a hamlet of Rende and a suburb of Cosenza, the university was founded in 1972. Among its founders there were Beniamino Andreatta, Giorgio Gagliani, Pietr ...

University of Naples Federico II The University of Naples Federico II (; , ) is a public university, public research university in Naples, Campania, Italy. Established in 1224 and named after its founder, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II, it is the oldest public, s ...

and at National School of Administration (Italy). Founder in 1963 and President of the Planning Studies Centre, he was among the supporters (and promoters) of a new unified planning discipline. He contributed to the development of planning techniques in the urban, territorial and economic fields, collaborating with

United Nations The United Nations (UN) is the Earth, global intergovernmental organization established by the signing of the Charter of the United Nations, UN Charter on 26 June 1945 with the stated purpose of maintaining international peace and internationa ...

, the

European Commission The European Commission (EC) is the primary Executive (government), executive arm of the European Union (EU). It operates as a cabinet government, with a number of European Commissioner, members of the Commission (directorial system, informall ...

and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and with the Nobel Laureates for Economics

Jan Tinbergen Jan Tinbergen ( , ; 12 April 1903 – 9 June 1994) was a Dutch economist who was awarded the first Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1969, which he shared with Ragnar Frisch for having developed and applied dynamic models for the ana ...

Ragnar Frisch Ragnar Anton Kittil Frisch (3 March 1895 – 31 January 1973) was an influential Norwegian economist and econometrician known for being one of the major contributors to establishing economics as a quantitative and statistically informed science ...

Wassily Leontief Wassily Wassilyevich Leontief (; August 5, 1905 – February 5, 1999) was a Soviet-American economist known for his research on input–output analysis and how changes in one economic sector may affect other sectors. Leontief won the Nobel Memo ...

and

Richard Stone Sir John Richard Nicholas Stone (30 August 1913 – 6 December 1991) was an eminent British economist. He was educated at Gonville and Caius College and King's College at the University of Cambridge. In 1984, he was awarded the Nobel Memori ...

. Together with

Jacques Delors Jacques Lucien Jean Delors (; 20 July 192527 December 2023) was a French politician who served as the eighth president of the European Commission from 1985 to 1995. Delors played a key role in the creation of the single market, the euro and th ...

and

Stuart Holland Stuart Kingsley Holland (born 25 March 1940) is a British economist and former politician. As a Member of Parliament for the Labour Party, Holland represented the Vauxhall constituency in Lambeth, London, from 1979 to 1989, when he resigned ...

he proposed to go beyond capitalist planning. In recent years, he had worked hard on a massive trilogy on the programmatic approach, published last year by publisher Palgrave Macmillan.

Private life

Married to the poet

Muzi Epifani Maria Luisa Gabriella Epifani, better known as Muzi Epifani (March 18, 1935 – February 12, 1984), was an Italian writer and poet. Biography Muzi Epifani was born in Benghazi, Libya. She studied literature and philosophy at the Heidelberg Un ...

in 1953, he had four children with her, Luca,

Daniele Daniele is an Italian male given name, the cognate of the English name Daniel. Danièle is also a French female given name, an alternative spelling of Danielle. The name "Daniel" originates from the Hebrew Bible and is associated with the proph ...

Francesca Francesca is an Italian female given name, derived from the Latin male name ''Franciscus'' meaning 'the Frenchman' It is widely used in most Romance languages, including Italian, French and Catalan, and place of origin is Italy. It is derived ...

and Albertina. After the separation, he had a fifth child by Karla Koenig, Mathias, and a sixth child, Alessandro, by his second wife Fulvia Banchi. His house outside Rome at Divino Amore, in addition to hosting - since 1981 - the headquarters of the Planning Studies Centre, has been an intense hub of cultural, musical and social life. The elder brothers of his grandfather's father were Francesco and Alessandro Archibugi, volunteers of the University Battalion of Sapienza and died in defence of the

Roman Republic (1849) The Roman Republic ( ) was the era of classical Roman civilisation beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire following the War ...

. As great-grandson, Franco kept their memory alive by participating in the commemorations, also as a member of the National Association of Garibaldi Veterans.

Education

1944–1952:

. Degree in History and Philosophy. 1947–1950: ISE- BCI- nstitute of Economic Studies. Rome department 1963–1964:

London School of Economics The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), established in 1895, is a public research university in London, England, and a member institution of the University of London. The school specialises in the social sciences. Founded ...

(LSE). One year Diploma in 'Economics and Social Administration'.

Political-professional profile

* From the beginning, Franco Archibugi merged research activities with his political and professional activities. In 1945-1950 (immediately after

World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

) he was – before the college degree - junior officer in the governmental administration for the country’s reconstruction and European cooperation policy. t the Ministry of Reconstruction and at the Committee of Ministers for ERP-European Recovery Program, (The “

”) in Rome, and later in Paris at the OECE]. * Between 1951–56, he became an economic and educational consultant of the

(CISL); and from 1956-57 held the position of Chairman of the Economic Committee (of the European Regional Organisation of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) (London-Bruxelles); in such role he participated at the negotiations of the Rome’s Treaties for the creation of

European Economic Community The European Economic Community (EEC) was a regional organisation created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957,Today the largely rewritten treaty continues in force as the ''Treaty on the functioning of the European Union'', as renamed by the Lisbo ...

. * He later became Chief of the Technical Secretariat of the Comitato dei Ministri per il Mezzogiorno (Committee of Ministries for the South) (1958–59). During 1960-1962 he was Director at the High Authority of the

, for labour, industrial and regional re-conversion questions, in

Luxembourg Luxembourg, officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in Western Europe. It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France on the south. Its capital and most populous city, Luxembour ...

. * In 1962, he returned to Italy (Rome), to open the "Planning Studies Centre" (''Centro di studi e piani economici'', in Italian), together with a multidisciplinary team of colleagues, sponsored by some Italian public agencies. As Director of the Centre, Archibugi dedicated himself to the studies and practical experiences of a unified approach to development analysis and planning - as required in that time by the

; giving technical-scientific support to the implementation of economic programming of the Italian Government (from 1963 to 1975), through an intense cooperation with the Ministry of Budget and Economic Planning. * In the same time Franco Archibugi was also acting as expert in the following international initiatives on integrative socio-economic planning issues, be it technical-scientific or operative: ::For the United Nations, as consultant of the United Nations Center for Housing, Building and Planning (New York City, 1968-73); as project manager of some

UNDP The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is a United Nations agency tasked with helping countries eliminate poverty and achieve sustainable economic growth and human development. The UNDP emphasizes on developing local capacity towar ...

projects (1971-77); and member of the Senior economic advisers, a steering body of the

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE or UNECE) is an intergovernmental organization or a specialized body of the United Nations. The UNECE is one of five regional commissions under the jurisdiction of the United Nations Econom ...

(in

Geneva Geneva ( , ; ) ; ; . is the List of cities in Switzerland, second-most populous city in Switzerland and the most populous in French-speaking Romandy. Situated in the southwest of the country, where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva, it is the ca ...

) (1970- 75). ::For the European Economic Community (later Union), he has been member and reports-writer of several Committees of analysis and evaluation, concerning economic urban and regional policies and, after the “ Maastricht act”, social cohesion policies; and has been director of several multi-year projects within “EU Research Framework Programme”, in more than one edition. ::For the

OECD The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; , OCDE) is an international organization, intergovernmental organization with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and international trade, wor ...

and the

Council of Europe The Council of Europe (CoE; , CdE) is an international organisation with the goal of upholding human rights, democracy and the Law in Europe, rule of law in Europe. Founded in 1949, it is Europe's oldest intergovernmental organisation, represe ...

, he has been speaker in several inter-governmental Seminars on innovations in the socio-economic policies.

Research and academic activities

Franco Archibugi has constantly accompanied his technical-professional activities and experiences by research activities (which in their turn resulted in a systematic and scientific concept of planning methodology). After the decline of the experiences of

economic planning Economic planning is a resource allocation mechanism based on a computational procedure for solving a constrained maximization problem with an iterative process for obtaining its solution. Planning is a mechanism for the allocation of resources ...

in Italy (but also elsewhere, in the 1960s and 1970s, whether in developed or developing countries and in the UN activities), Franco Archibugi focused more intensively his attention and energy on the introduction of a unified approach to planning in the educational and academic world; he has been Full Professor at some Italian Universities and finally at the “Scuola Superiore della Pubblica Amministrazione” ostgraduate School of Public Administrationin Rome. He has been also active in an international networking of scholars who pursue the same intellectual path towards the integrative, socio-economic, unified planning; and for a new scientific experience – the “planology” (never implemented in its appropriate terms), and which he tried to illustrate like new disciplinary field, autonomous and free from its components disciplines (economics, sociology, physical planning, and so on) in a real meta-disciplinary approach: the ‘planological’ (or ‘programming’) approach. Franco Archibugi has been member of the Association of European Schools of Planning and active in several of its Congresses, and also at the World Planning Schools Congress (WPSC) and in the activities of the GPEAN (Global Planning Education Association Network). He has also been associate at the EAEPE (

European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy The European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy (EAEPE) is a pluralist forum of social scientists that brings together institutional and evolutionary economists broadly defined. EAEPE members are scholars working on realistic appro ...

) participating in some of its Congresses. He was also a member of other academic Italian associations like SIEDS (Società Italiana di Economia, Demografia e Statistica) and SGI, (Società Geografica Italiana); of which he was honorary member, and many others. In his works, Archibugi has often expressed openly his intellectual debt and his derivations of thinking to some great scholars such as

Gunnar Myrdal Karl Gunnar Myrdal ( ; ; 6 December 1898 – 17 May 1987) was a Swedish economist and sociologist. In 1974, he received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences along with Friedrich Hayek for "their pioneering work in the theory of money an ...

and

. (Of the last three, he has also benefited from friendly personal relations). He believed he followed in their traces, tried to relaunch their thinking (never rightly known and understood); and he hoped to have updated, completed and made explicit the meaning of their work in some way.

Publications

Over the last years of his life, he completed a trilogy which summarize his own work and ideals, and published in 2019.
''The Programming Approach and the Demise of Economics. Volume I: A Revival of Myrdal, Frish, Tinberger, Johansen and Leontief''
(

Palgrave Macmillan Palgrave Macmillan is a British academic and trade publishing company headquartered in the London Borough of Camden. Its programme includes textbooks, journals, monographs, professional and reference works in print and online. It maintains offi ...

, London, 2019).
''The Programming Approach and the Demise of Economics. Volume II: Selected Testimonies on the Epistemological 'Overturning' of Economic Theory and Policy''
(

, London, 2019).
''The Programming Approach and the Demise of Economics. Volume III: The Planning Accounting Framework (PAF)''
(

, London, 2019). Here there is an essential selection of the most significant works by Franco Archibugi in the four different, but interwoven fields on which he got some attention and influence:

Epistemology of social sciences and “Planology”

1992. Towards a New Discipline of Planning. Palermo, “First World Conference on the Planning Sciences”; republished in “Socio-economic Planning Sciences, An International Journal”, vol.30 (1996) N.
Full Text
1996. Program Indicators: Their Role and Use in the Integrated Social or Community Programming (Papers from the First World-Wide Conference on Planning Science,) ( Social Indicator Research, vol.39, N.3, 1996
Full Text
1999. The “programming’ approach”: methodological considerations based on the contributions of Frisch, Tinbergen and Leontief. In Saggi di politica economica in onore di Federico Caffè (a cura di N.Acocella et alii,). Franco Angeli, Milano 199
English Version
2000- Introduction to Planology: the paradigm shift in social sciences, PSC publisher, 200

2008. Planning Theory, from the Political Debate to the Methodological Reconstruction, Springer, 2008

Forthcoming. The programming approach and the dissolution of economics. A manifesto against determinism in the social sciences.

Analysis of the structural change and the future of the Welfare State

1956. Perspective of the industrial relations in the age of automation. Panorama delle relazioni industriali nell’epoca dell’automatismo. onsiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR.1957. nly in Italian. 1969 Income policies and planning policy: criteria and models. ed. with F.Forte olitica dei redditi e pianificazione . Criteri e Modelli. (a cura). Etas-Kompass, 1969. nly in Italian 1979. Toward the planning’s collective bargaining: evolutionary aspects of relationship between planning and collective bargaining. SC publ.; only ital. 1993. Insight into European Cohesion. A contribution to the Study of a Policy for the Strengthening of Socio-economic Cohesion in Europe. (Only in English). [PSC publ.)
Summary
2000. The Associative Economy: Insights beyond the Welfare State and into Post-Capitalism, (Macmillan, 2000). 2008. Between neo-capitalism and post-capitalism: a challenging turn of societal reform (Testo completo in “International Review of Sociology”, Vol.18, No.3, 200
Testo Completo
Forthcoming: Between neo-capitalism and post-capitalism: a challenging turn of societal reform (PSC publ.)

Spatial planning, territorial and urban

1966 - City-region in Italy: cultural premises and programmed hypotheses. nly in ItalianBoringhieri 1966
Summary
1979. Principles of Regional Planning: 1.Methods and Objectives; 2. Programs and Budgeting. nly in Ital. Franco Angeli editore.
Summari in English
1989 Economy and Ecology. Towards Sustainable Development (eds. with P. Nijkamp). Kluwer Academic Publ. SBN, 0-7923-0477-2(only English
Summary and Index
1994. Theory of Urbanistics: Lessons on a Reappraisal of the Foundations of Urban Planning PSC publ

1997. The Ecological City and the City Effect, Ashgate, 199

1998 - The Future of Urban Quality in Europe. Towards a New European Urban Systems: Concepts and strategy. European Commission 1998

1999. Urban Ecosystems in Italy. A proposal for balanced urban, territorial and environmental re-organization at regional-national scale. nly in Ital.Gangemi Editore, Roma]
Summary
2005- Rome: a new urban planning strategy, Routledge, 2005

Strategic planning in the public and non profit domain

2002. Introduction to strategic planning in the public domain. PSC, Rom

2004. Compendium of strategic planning for the Public Administrations, Alinea Firenze (Only in Italian

2004. Strategic planning and environmental governance . An international Symposium. nly Ital.(edited with A.Saturnino). Alinea, Firenze, . 2005. Introduction to strategic planning in the public domain. nly in ItalianAlinea 2005. 2008. From bureaucrat to manager: past, present and future of strategic planning in Italy nly Ital. Rubbettino, 2008. 2008. From bureaucrat to manager: past, present and future of strategic planning in Italy nly Ital. Rubbettino, 2008.
Summary

Notes and references

External links

Franco Archibugi

Planning Studies Centre
{{DEFAULTSORT:Archibugi, Franco 1926 births 2020 deaths 20th-century Italian economists Italian business theorists Writers from Rome Academic staff of the University of Calabria Academic staff of the University of Naples Federico II