Francis Butler Simkins (December 14, 1897 – February 8, 1966) was a historian and president of the

Southern Historical Association The Southern Historical Association is a professional academic organization of historians focusing on the history of the Southern United States. It was organized on November 2, 1934. Its objectives are the promotion of interest and research in Sou ...

. He is best known for his highly praised history of the

Reconstruction Era The Reconstruction era was a period in History of the United States, US history that followed the American Civil War (1861-65) and was dominated by the legal, social, and political challenges of the Abolitionism in the United States, abol ...

in South Carolina, that gave fair coverage to all sides, and for his widely used textbook ''The South, Old and New'' (1947) and his monographs on South Carolina history. He was a professor at Longwood College in Virginia, Simkins was a leading progressive in the 1920s and 1930s regarding race relations but became a defender of segregation in the 1950s and 1960s.

Career

Born in

Edgefield, South Carolina Edgefield is a town in and the county seat of Edgefield County, South Carolina, Edgefield County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 4,750 at the 2010 United States census, 2010 census. Edgefield is part of the Augusta, Georgia met ...

, Simkins received his B.A. from the

University of South Carolina The University of South Carolina (USC, SC, or Carolina) is a Public university, public research university in Columbia, South Carolina, United States. Founded in 1801 as South Carolina College, It is the flagship of the University of South Car ...

in 1918 and his M.A. (1921) and Ph.D. (1929) from

Columbia University Columbia University in the City of New York, commonly referred to as Columbia University, is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Churc ...

in New York. He spent most of his academic career as a professor of history at the small Longwood College in

Farmville, Virginia Farmville is a town in Prince Edward County, Virginia, Prince Edward and Cumberland County, Virginia, Cumberland counties in the U.S. state, Commonwealth of Virginia. It is the county seat of Prince Edward County, Virginia, Prince Edward County. ...

. Simkins also taught at

Louisiana State University Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, commonly referred to as Louisiana State University (LSU), is an American Public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Baton Rouge, Louis ...

, where he was a mentor of Charles P. Roland, another historian of the South and the Civil War.

Scholarship

Simkins published eight history books, numerous scholarly articles, and an abundance of miscellaneous work including book reviews and encyclopedia articles. His obituary in '' The Journal of America History'' in 1966 said that Simkins was "an emancipated critic of the old order" and that "he came to stress the distinctive characteristics of 'the everlasting South', and to question the validity of much that passed for progress in the modern South." Simkins' most famous work covers South Carolina history. In ''South Carolina During Reconstruction'' (with Robert Hilliard Woody) (1931) he broke with the Dunning School and gave a well-balanced history. It was an objective study of Reconstruction and "represented an important step forward" in its study. Howard K. Beale praised it: "With refreshing freedom from prejudice and special pleading, the authors picture honest, unselfish carpetbaggers, respectable, well-meaning scalawags, and Negroes with intelligence and political ability." W.E.B. Du Bois wrote that the book "does not hesitate to give a fair account of the Negroes and of some of their work." In ''Pitchfork Ben Tillman'' (1944) Simkins covered the highly controversial politician

Benjamin Tillman Benjamin Ryan Tillman (August 11, 1847 – July 3, 1918) was a politician of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party who served as List of governors of South Carolina, governor of South Carolina from 1890 to 1894, and as a Un ...

who served as the violently anti-black white supremacist governor of South Carolina from 1890 to 1894 and as a United States Senator from 1895 until his death in 1918, known for his numerous speeches. A colorful if eccentric professor at Longwood College in Virginia, Simpkins was a leading progressive in the 1920s and 1930s regarding race relations, but became more conservative in the 1950s and 1960s, in part because his wife taught nearby in the Prince Edward County, Virginia public schools, which became a companion case to

Brown v. Board of Education ''Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka'', 347 U.S. 483 (1954), was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that ruled that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the ...

and thus a touchpoint of Massive Resistance. Simkins in the 1920s could cross racial lines in his scholarship and challenge the " Lost Cause" theme in the 1930s. When

desegregation Racial integration, or simply integration, includes desegregation (the process of ending systematic racial segregation), leveling barriers to association, creating equal opportunity regardless of race, and the development of a culture that draws ...

began in the 1950s Simkins discovered much he thought should be preserved, and he became a spokesman for preserving it as a tradition. In a 1954 address to the

he said that historians of the South "should accept the class and race distinctions" of the region and "display a tolerant understanding of why in the South the Goddess of Justice has not always been blind, ndwhy there have been lynchings and Jim Crow laws." By 1964 David Potter says he was, "almost the only practicing historian of the South who defends the major and historic Southern institution of segregation." In 2015, after

Harper Lee Nelle Harper Lee (April 28, 1926 – February 19, 2016) was an American novelist whose 1960 novel ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' won the 1961 Pulitzer Prize and became a classic of modern American literature. She assisted her close friend Truman ...

released her novel ''

Go Set a Watchman ''Go Set a Watchman'' is a novel by Harper Lee that was published in 2015 by HarperCollins (US) and Heinemann (publisher), Heinemann (UK). Written before her only other published novel, ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' (1960), ''Go Set a Watchman'' was ...

'', historian David B. Parker called him "The Historian Who Evolved the Same Way as Atticus Finch". Simkins was one of the authors of the seventh grade textbook "Virginia: History, Government, Geography" used in Virginia public schools from the 1950s to the 1970s.

Washington Post ''The Washington Post'', locally known as ''The'' ''Post'' and, informally, ''WaPo'' or ''WP'', is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital. It is the most widely circulated newspaper in the Washington m ...

columnist Dana Milbank published excerpts and summed up the book as " storically wrong and morally bankrupt — but for tender White minds, discomfort-free." One of the excerpts reads:

Life among the Negroes of Virginia in slavery times was generally happy. The Negroes went about in a cheerful manner making a living for themselves and for those for whom they worked.

Major works

The contributions of Simkins in the field of southern history were extensive: *1926 - ''The Tillman Movement in South Carolina'', a thesis published by

Duke University Duke University is a Private university, private research university in Durham, North Carolina, United States. Founded by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day city of Trinity, North Carolina, Trinity in 1838, the school moved to Durham in 1 ...

online
* 1926 - "The Tillman Movement in South Carolina," ''Journal of Negro History'' (1926) 11#3 pp. 538–53
in JSTORread online
*1927 - "The Ku Klux Klan in South Carolina, 1868-1871," ''Journal of Negro History'' (1927) 12#4 pp. 606–64
in JSTOR
*1931 - ''South Carolina During Reconstruction'' (with

Robert Hilliard Woody The name Robert is an ancient Germanic given name, from Proto-Germanic "fame" and "bright" (''Hrōþiberhtaz''). Compare Old Dutch ''Robrecht'' and Old High German ''Hrodebert'' (a compound of '' Hruod'' () "fame, glory, honour, praise, reno ...

)) (University of North Carolina Press). won th
Dunning Prize
of 1931 as the first revisionist work on Reconstructio
read online
*1936 - ''The Women of the Confederacy'' (with James Welch Patton) — one of the first serious scholarly studies of women in southern history. Reprinted: Scholarly Press (1971), *1937 - "Ben Tillman's View of the Negro," ''Journal of Southern History'' (1937) 3#2 pp. 161–17
in JSTOR
* "New Viewpoints of Southern Reconstruction," ''Journal of Southern History'' (1939) 5#1 pp 49–6
in JSTOR
*1944 - ''Pitchfork Ben Tillman: South Carolina''. University of South Carolina Press (reprinted 2002),
read online
* 1947 - "The Everlasting South," ''Journal of Southern History'' 13 (Aug 1947), 307-22. *1947 - ''The South Old and New: 1820-1947'' - later (1957) revised: ''A History of the South'', Publisher: Random House; 4th edition (1972), . * 1955 - "Tolerating the South's Past," ''Journal of Southern History'' (1955) 21#1 pp. 3–1
in JSTOR
his presidential address to the Southern Historical Associatio
read online
*1957 - ''Virginia: History, Government, Geography'' - a seventh-grade textbook used in Virginia public schools until the 1970s from which Simkins said bureaucrats made him remove some of the more embarrassing features like descriptions of the filth of the towns. *1963 - ''The Everlasting South'' - a group of essays emphasizing the region's deep-rooted conservativism,

Honors

The

triennial An anniversary is the date on which an event took place or an institution was founded. Most countries celebrate national anniversaries, typically called national days. These could be the date of independence of the nation or the adoption o ...

Francis B. Simkins Award is awarded by the

for best first book about the South.Southern Historical Association , Awards
In addition to the Dunning Prize, Simkins held research fellowships at the

Social Science Research Council The Social Science Research Council (SSRC) is a US-based, independent, international nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing research in the social sciences and related disciplines. Established in Manhattan in 1923, it maintains a headqua ...

and the John Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, delivered the Fleming Lectures at

LSU Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, commonly referred to as Louisiana State University (LSU), is an American Public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Baton Rouge, Louis ...

, and the Centennial Lectures at the

University of Mississippi The University of Mississippi (Epithet, byname Ole Miss) is a Public university, public research university in University, near Oxford, Mississippi, United States, with a University of Mississippi Medical Center, medical center in Jackson, Miss ...

. He was president of the

in 1953-1954.

References

External links