Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi
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Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi (12 August 1804 – 25 September 1873) was an Italian writer and politician involved in the Italian
Risorgimento The unification of Italy ( ), also known as the Risorgimento (; ), was the 19th century political and social movement that in 1861 ended in the annexation of various states of the Italian peninsula and its outlying isles to the Kingdom of ...
.


Biography

Guerrazzi was born in the seaport of
Livorno Livorno () is a port city on the Ligurian Sea on the western coast of the Tuscany region of Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Livorno, having a population of 152,916 residents as of 2025. It is traditionally known in English as Leghorn ...
, then part of the
Grand Duchy of Tuscany The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (; ) was an Italian monarchy located in Central Italy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1860, replacing the Republic of Florence. The grand duchy's capital was Florence. In the 19th century the population ...
. He studied law at the
University of Pisa The University of Pisa (, UniPi) is a public university, public research university in Pisa, Italy. Founded in 1343, it is one of the oldest universities in Europe. Together with Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa and Sant'Anna School of Advanced S ...
, graduating in 1824. He began to practice in Livorno, but soon gave up law in favour of politics and literature, being particularly influenced by
Byron George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron (22 January 1788 – 19 April 1824) was an English poet. He is one of the major figures of the Romantic movement, and is regarded as being among the greatest poets of the United Kingdom. Among his best-kno ...
, to whom he dedicated his "Stanze" (1825). His first novel, ''La Battaglia di Benevento'' was published in 1827.
Giuseppe Mazzini Giuseppe Mazzini (, ; ; 22 June 1805 – 10 March 1872) was an Italian politician, journalist, and activist for the unification of Italy (Risorgimento) and spearhead of the Italian revolutionary movement. His efforts helped bring about the ...
made his acquaintance, and in 1829, together with , they started a newspaper, ''L'Indicatore Livornese'', at Livorno. The authorities of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany suppressed the periodical in February 1830 after 48 issues. In the same year Guerrazzi was banished to
Montepulciano Montepulciano () is a medieval and Renaissance hill town and ''comune'' in the Italian province of Siena in southern Tuscany. It sits high on a limestone ridge, east of Pienza, southeast of Siena, southeast of Florence, and north of Rome ...
for six months after writing an oration to the memory of — a native of Livorno who had embraced the ideals of the French Revolution and whom Guerrazzi held up as an example for the idealists of the Risorgimento. While confined to Montepulciano he began work on his most famous novel, ''L'Assedio di Firenze'' - based on and greatly glorifying the life of the 16th Century Florentine soldier
Francesco Ferruccio Francesco Ferruccio (or Ferrucci) (14893 August 1530) was an Italian captain from Florence who fought in the Italian Wars. Biography After spending a few years as a merchant's clerk he took to soldiering at an early age, and served his apprenti ...
. The novel contains long discursive passages,
anti-clerical Anti-clericalism is opposition to religious authority, typically in social or political matters. Historically, anti-clericalism in Christian traditions has been opposed to the influence of Catholicism. Anti-clericalism is related to secularism, ...
outbursts, and a measure of black humour and satanism in the Byronic manner. Further historical novels, such as ''Veronica Cybo'' (1838), ''Isabella Orsini'' (1844), ''Beatrice Cenci'' (1853), and ''Pasquale Paoli'' (1860), attempt to make the portrayals of their protagonists both realistic and romantic. But Guerrazzi is at his best as a humourist and fantasist, as in ''Serpicina'' (1847), ''Storia di un moscone'' (1858), and the autobiographical ''Il buco nero'' (1862). Guerrazzi was to be imprisoned several times for his activity in the cause of "
Young Italy Young Italy (, ) was an Italian political movement founded in 1831 by Giuseppe Mazzini. A few months after leaving Italy, in June 1831, Mazzini wrote a letter to King Charles Albert of Sardinia, in which he asked him to unite Italy and lead th ...
"; in 1833 he was locked up for three months in the Forte Stella at
Portoferraio Portoferraio () is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Livorno, on the edge of the eponymous harbour of the island of Elba. It is the island's largest town. Because of its terrain, many of its buildings are situated on the slopes of a tiny h ...
. Subsequently, he became the most powerful
Liberal Liberal or liberalism may refer to: Politics * Generally, a supporter of the political philosophy liberalism. Liberals may be politically left or right but tend to be centrist. * An adherent of a Liberal Party (See also Liberal parties by country ...
leader at Livorno. In 1848 Guerrazzi was appointed a minister, with some idea of mediating between the reformers and the grand duke of Tuscany, Leopold II. On 8 February 1849, following Leopold's flight, Guerrazzi formed a governing triumvirate with
Giuseppe Mazzini Giuseppe Mazzini (, ; ; 22 June 1805 – 10 March 1872) was an Italian politician, journalist, and activist for the unification of Italy (Risorgimento) and spearhead of the Italian revolutionary movement. His efforts helped bring about the ...
and
Giuseppe Montanelli Giuseppe Montanelli (21 January 1813 – 17 June 1862) was an Italian wikt:statesman, statesman and author. Biography Montanelli was born at Fucecchio, then part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. As a boy he was an organist and composer. In 184 ...
and a Tuscan Republic was proclaimed; on 27 March Guerrazzi was nominated
dictator A dictator is a political leader who possesses absolute Power (social and political), power. A dictatorship is a state ruled by one dictator or by a polity. The word originated as the title of a Roman dictator elected by the Roman Senate to r ...
. On Leopold's restoration, Guerrazzi refused to flee and he was sentenced to 15 years of imprisonment. In these years he worked on his ''
Apologia An apologia (Latin for ''apology'', from , ) is a formal defense of an opinion, position or action. The term's current use, often in the context of religion, theology and philosophy, derives from Justin Martyr's '' First Apology'' (AD 155–157) ...
'', which was published in 1852. After three years in prison his sentence was commuted to exile in
Corsica Corsica ( , , ; ; ) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the Regions of France, 18 regions of France. It is the List of islands in the Mediterranean#By area, fourth-largest island in the Mediterranean and lies southeast of the Metro ...
; in 1857 he escaped from the island and lived for some time in Genoa. In 1860 he was elected to Italian Parliament, supporting the republican right until he retired in 1870. He continued to produce fiction in his later years, including ''L'assedio di Roma'' (1863–5), as well as writing on politics and translating from English and German literature. Guerrazzi died of a stroke in
Cecina Cecina may refer to * Cecina (river), a river in Tuscany, Italy * Cecina (meat), a Spanish and Mexican culinary specialty made of beef * ''Cecina'' (gastropod), a genus of freshwater snails in the family Pomatiopsidae * Cecina, Tuscany, Italy * C ...
some 30 km from his birthplace, Livorno.


Criticisms

When in 1854 ''Beatrice Cenci'' was lambasted by
Francesco de Sanctis Francesco de Sanctis (28 March 1817 – 29 December 1883) was an Italian literary critic, scholar and politician, leading critic and historian of Italian language and literature during the 19th century. Biography De Sanctis was born in the so ...
(who now favored the House of Savoy leadership for Italy), he wrote to a friend: "Honoured
Alessandro Manzoni Alessandro Francesco Tommaso Antonio Manzoni (, , ; 7 March 1785 – 22 May 1873) was an Italian poet, novelist and philosopher. He is famous for the novel ''The Betrothed (Manzoni novel), The Betrothed'' (orig. ) (1827), generally ranked among ...
, I am put down... to think that as far back as '40 Britons and Germans saw us as leaders of two different schools, and his they labelled sleep-inducing". Marxist philosopher
Antonio Gramsci Antonio Francesco Gramsci ( , ; ; 22 January 1891 – 27 April 1937) was an Italian Marxist philosophy, Marxist philosopher, Linguistics, linguist, journalist, writer, and politician. He wrote on philosophy, Political philosophy, political the ...
panned Guerrazzi's patriotical works. In one of his prison letters Gramsci refers to Guerrazzi and Bresciani as left and right variants of the same bitterly sectarian type of historical novel.


Notes


References

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External links

* * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Guerrazzi 1804 births 1873 deaths Writers from the Grand Duchy of Tuscany People from Livorno Italian politicians Italian people of the Italian unification People of the Revolutions of 1848 19th-century Italian novelists 19th-century Italian male writers