Fourth Duma
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The State Duma of the Russian Empire of the Fourth Convocation was the representative legislative body of the
Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...
. The Chairman of the Duma was
Mikhail Rodzianko Mikhail Vladimirovich Rodzianko (; ; 21 February 1859 – 24 January 1924) was a Russian statesman of Ukrainian origin. Known for his colorful language and conservative politics, he was the State Councillor and chamberlain of the Imperial famil ...
. Elected in September 1912.


Elections


Sessions

The State Duma was elected for five years. The Duma worked with annual sessions, within each session, as a rule, two breaks were arranged, at
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and at
Easter Easter, also called Pascha ( Aramaic: פַּסְחָא , ''paskha''; Greek: πάσχα, ''páskha'') or Resurrection Sunday, is a Christian festival and cultural holiday commemorating the resurrection of Jesus from the dead, described in t ...
. Each time the Duma was convened and dissolved by the Highest Decrees; in addition, the Duma itself was empowered to arrange breaks in its work. With the outbreak of the
First World War World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
, the regular character of the Duma's work was disrupted. The first session lasted from November 15, 1912 to June 25, 1913, 81 sessions of the General Meeting of the Duma took place. The second session lasted from October 15, 1913 to June 14, 1914, 111 meetings of the General Meeting of the Duma took place. On July 26, 1914, an extraordinary one–day session of the Duma took place, dedicated to the allocation of war loans associated with the acute political crisis that preceded the outbreak of the First World War. The third session began on January 27, 1915; 2 days later, on January 29, immediately after the adoption of the budget, the session of the Duma was declared closed by the emperor. The fourth session lasted from July 19 to September 3, 1915, after which the Duma was prematurely dissolved by the emperor for vacations, the session then lasted from February 9 to June 20, 1916, 60 meetings of the General Meeting of the Duma were held. The fifth session began on November 1, 1916. On December 16, the Duma was again dissolved for the holidays. The early dissolution of the Duma turned out to be one of the events that increased the general political tension in the country before the February Revolution. It was widely believed at the time that it was expected that the government would not allow the Duma to convene after the prolonged New Year holidays and would announce its dissolution. However, on February 14, 1917, the emperor announced the continuation of the Duma. At the height of the events of the February Revolution, on February 25, the emperor again suspended the activities of the Duma. The Duma never met again for formal meetings. On February 27, during a private meeting of members of the Duma, the
Provisional Committee of the State Duma The Provisional Committee of the State Duma () was a special government body established on March 12, 1917 (27 February O.S.) by the Fourth State Duma deputies at the outbreak of the February Revolution in the same year. It was formed under ...
was created, which took part in the formation of the
Provisional Government A provisional government, also called an interim government, an emergency government, a transitional government or provisional leadership, is a temporary government formed to manage a period of transition, often following state collapse, revoluti ...
, and until the start of its work, that is, February 27 – March 2, it was the self–proclaimed government of Russia. On May 12 – July 19, 1917, eight more private meetings of the Duma were held, which no longer had any legal or political significance. The Duma was officially dissolved by a decree of the Provisional Government on October 6, 1917 in connection with the appointment of elections to the All–Russian Constituent Assembly.


Composition

The Fourth Duma had pronounced flanks (
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and
right Rights are law, legal, social, or ethics, ethical principles of freedom or Entitlement (fair division), entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people according to some legal sy ...
) with a very moderate center. A total of 442 deputies were elected: *
Union of October 17 The Union of 17 October (, ''Soyuz 17 Oktyabrya''), commonly known as the Octobrist Party (Russian: Октябристы, ''Oktyabristy''), was a liberal-reformist constitutional monarchist political party in late Imperial Russia. It represent ...
– 98; *
Nationalists Nationalism is an idea or movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state. As a movement, it presupposes the existence and tends to promote the interests of a particular nation, Smith, Anthony. ''Nationalism: Theory, Id ...
and moderate rightists – 88; *Right – 65; *
Constitutional Democratic Party The Constitutional Democratic Party (, K-D), also called Constitutional Democrats and formally the Party of People's Freedom (), was a political party in the Russian Empire that promoted Western constitutional monarchy—among other policies ...
– 59; * Progressive Party – 48; *Centrists – 32; *
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), also known as the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party (RSDWP) or the Russian Social Democratic Party (RSDP), was a socialist political party founded in 1898 in Minsk, Russian Empire. The ...
– 14 (
Mensheviks The Mensheviks ('the Minority') were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903. Mensheviks held more moderate and reformist ...
– 8,
Bolsheviks The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, were a radical Faction (political), faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with the Mensheviks at the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, ...
– 6); * Labour Group – 10; *Non–partisan – 7. Parties of different unions: *Polish Kolo – 9; *Muslims – 6; *Belarusian–Lithuanian–Polish Group – 6.


Leadership

*Chairman of the State Duma —
Mikhail Rodzianko Mikhail Vladimirovich Rodzianko (; ; 21 February 1859 – 24 January 1924) was a Russian statesman of Ukrainian origin. Known for his colorful language and conservative politics, he was the State Councillor and chamberlain of the Imperial famil ...
. *Deputy Chairmen: Prince Vladimir Volkonsky, Prince Dmitry Urusov. *Secretary — Ivan Dmitriukov. *Deputy Secretaries: Nikolai Antonov, Viktor Basakov, Gaisa Yenikeev, Nikolay Lvov (first deputy), Vasily Shein.


Official documents

:First session
Verbatim Records. Sessions 1–30: (from November 15, 1912 to March 20, 1913) / State Duma, Fourth Convocation, 1912–1913, First Session

Verbatim Records. Sessions 31–54: (from March 22 to May 24, 1913) / State Duma, Fourth Convocation, 1913, First Session

Verbatim Records. Sessions 55–81: (from May 27 to June 25, 1913) / State Duma, Fourth Convocation, 1913, First Session

Verbatim Records. Session 35: April 3, 1913; Session 63: June 4, 1913; Session 78: June 21, 1913; Session 80: July 24, 1913; Session 81: July 25, 1913

Index to Verbatim Records: (Parts 1–3): Sessions 1–81: (November 15, 1912 – June 25, 1913) / State Duma, Fourth Convocation, 1912–1913, First Session

Appendices to the Verbatim Records of the State Duma. Issue 1: (No. 1–150) / Fourth Convocation, 1912–1913, First Session

Appendices to the Verbatim Records of the State Duma. Issue 2: (No. 151–270) / Fourth Convocation, 1912–1913, First Session

Appendices to the Verbatim Records of the State Duma. Issue 3: (No. 271–365) / Fourth Convocation, 1912–1913, First Session

Appendices to the Verbatim Records of the State Duma. Issue 4: (No. 366–435) / Fourth Convocation, 1912–1913, First Session

Appendices to the Verbatim Records of the State Duma. Issue 5: (No. 436–525) / Fourth Convocation, 1912–1913, First Session

Appendices to the Verbatim Records of the State Duma. Issue 6: (No. 526–637) / Fourth Convocation, 1912–1913, First Session

Subject Index to the Collection "Supplements to Verbatim Records of the State Duma": Issue 1–6 / Fourth Convocation, 1912–1913, First Session
:Second session
Verbatim Records. Sessions 1–28: (October 15, 1913 – January 21, 1914) / State Duma, Fourth Convocation, 1913–1914, Second Session

Verbatim Records. Sessions 29–52: (from January 22 to March 19, 1914) / State Duma, Fourth Convocation, 1914, Second Session

Verbatim Records. Sessions 53–75: (from March 21 to May 5, 1914) / State Duma, Fourth Convocation, 1914, Second Session

Verbatim Records. Sessions 76–97: (from 7 to 28 May 1914) / State Duma, Fourth Convocation, 1914, Second Session

Verbatim Records. Sessions 98–111: (from May 30 to June 14, 1914) / State Duma, Fourth Convocation, 1914, Second Session

Index to Verbatim Records: Parts 1–5: Sessions 1–111: (October 15, 1913 – June 14, 1914) / State Duma, Fourth Convocation, 1913–1914, Second Session

Appendices to the Verbatim Records of the State Duma. Issue 1: (No. 1–130) / Fourth Convocation, 1913–1914, Second Session

Appendices to the Verbatim Records of the State Duma. Issue 2: (No. 131–197) / Fourth Convocation, 1913–1914, Second Session

Appendices to the Verbatim Records of the State Duma. Issue 3: (No. 198–311) / Fourth Convocation, 1913–1914, Second Session

Appendices to the Verbatim Records of the State Duma. Issue 4: (No. 312–425) / Fourth Convocation, 1913–1914, Second Session

Appendices to the Verbatim Records of the State Duma. Issue 5: (No. 426–555) / Fourth Convocation, 1913–1914, Second Session

Appendices to the Verbatim Records of the State Duma. Issue 6: (No. 556–643) / Fourth Convocation, 1913–1914, Second Session

Appendices to the Verbatim Records of the State Duma. Issue 7: (No. 644–700) / Fourth Convocation, 1913–1914, Second Session

Appendices to the Verbatim Records of the State Duma. Issue 8: (No. 701–766) / Fourth Convocation, 1913–1914, Second Session

Appendices to the Verbatim Records of the State Duma. Issue 9: (No. 767–849) / Fourth Convocation, 1913–1914, Second Session

Appendices to the Verbatim Records of the State Duma. Issue 10: (No. 850–930) / Fourth Convocation, 1913–1914, Second Session

Subject Index to the Collection "Supplements to Verbatim Records of the State Duma": Issues 1–10 / Fourth Convocation, 1913–1914, Second Session
:Third session
Appendices to the Verbatim Records of the State Duma: Fourth Convocation, 1915, Third Session
:Fourth session
Verbatim Records. Sessions 17–37: (from February 9 to March 15, 1916) / State Duma, Fourth Convocation, 1916, Fourth Session

Verbatim Records. Sessions 38–60: (March 17 to June 20, 1916) / State Duma, Fourth Convocation, 1916, Fourth Session

Index to Verbatim Records: Sessions 1–60: (July 19, 1915 – June 20, 1916) / Fourth Convocation, 1915–1916, Fourth Session

Verbatim Records. Sessions 1–16 (July 19 – September 3, 1915): With an Index Attached to the Verbatim Records / State Duma, Fourth Convocation, 1915, Fourth Session

Appendices to the Verbatim Records of the State Duma. Issue 1: July 19 – September 3, 1915: (No. 1–57) / Fourth Convocation, 1915–1916, Fourth Session

Appendices to the Verbatim Records of the State Duma. Issue 2: (No. 58–87) / Fourth Convocation, 1915–1916, Fourth Session

Appendices to the Verbatim Records of the State Duma. Issue 3: (No. 88–173) / Fourth Convocation, 1915–1916, Fourth Session

Appendices to the Verbatim Records of the State Duma. Issue 4: (No. 174–289) / Fourth Convocation, 1915–1916, Fourth Session

Appendices to the Verbatim Records of the State Duma. Issue 5: (No. 290–373) / Fourth Convocation, 1915–1916, Fourth Session

Subject Index to the Collection "Supplements to Verbatim Records of the State Duma": Issues 1–5 / Fourth Convocation, 1915–1916, Fourth Session
:Other
Verbatim Records of the Private Meeting of Members of the State Duma (Fourth Convocation): 12, 20, 27 May, 3, 5, 28 June, 18 and 19 July 1917


Sources

*


External links


Members of the State Duma: Portraits and Biographies. Fourth Convocation, 1912–1917
/ compiled by M. M. Boiovich – Moscow: Printing House of the Ivan Sytin Partnership, 1913 *{{cite book, title=Elections to the First–Fourth State Dumas of the Russian Empire (Memoirs of Contemporaries. Materials and Documents), department=Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation, editor=Alexander Ivanchenko, url=http://www.rcoit.ru/upload/iblock/0be/vibori_v_1-4_gosudarstvennie_dumi_rossiyskoy_imperii.pdf, location=Moscow, year=2008
The First Year of the Life of the Fourth State Duma
– Saint Petersburg: Printing House of Z. Sokolinsky, 1913 #04 1912 establishments in the Russian Empire 1917 disestablishments in Russia
Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...
Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...
Conferences of the Russian Revolution