The Fort Chaffee crisis occurred during the
Mariel boatlift
The Mariel boatlift () was a mass emigration of Cubans who traveled from Cuba's Mariel Harbor to the United States between April 15 and October 31, 1980. The term "" is used to refer to these refugees in both Spanish and English. While the ex ...
in 1980 when over 19,000 Cuban refugees were detained at Fort Chaffee. They could not be released into the public because they were not United States citizens. After a promise of quick release many processing setbacks occurred and many refugees remained still detained at the center. Frustrated with the conditions at the facility and the slow processing many refugees rioted, 62 refugees were injured (some by gunfire) and 46 others were arrested. Refugees at the center would go on to refer to the riot as El Domingo. After the riots Governor
Bill Clinton
William Jefferson Clinton (né Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician and lawyer who was the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. A member of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party, ...
put heavy fortifications at the center. Clinton would lose the later Arkansas election after his opponent would use the incident against him.
Background
Refugees enter Fort Chaffee
President
Jimmy Carter
James Earl Carter Jr. (October 1, 1924December 29, 2024) was an American politician and humanitarian who served as the 39th president of the United States from 1977 to 1981. A member of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party ...
had recently accepted Cuban refugees from the
Mariel boatlift
The Mariel boatlift () was a mass emigration of Cubans who traveled from Cuba's Mariel Harbor to the United States between April 15 and October 31, 1980. The term "" is used to refer to these refugees in both Spanish and English. While the ex ...
to enter the United States. The
Fort Chaffee Maneuver Training Center
Fort Chaffee Joint Maneuver Training Center, also known as Fort Chaffee, is an Arkansas Army National Guard Military base, installation located in western Arkansas, adjacent to the city of Fort Smith, Arkansas, Fort Smith. Established as Camp C ...
had previously been used as a detention center for Vietnamese refugees and Carter negotiated with Arkansas governor
Bill Clinton
William Jefferson Clinton (né Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician and lawyer who was the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. A member of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party, ...
for the use of the center to process Cuban refugees. At first Clinton feared the plan, and instead requested that they be processed on an aircraft carrier. He would also argue "We still have a base at Guantanamo, don't we? And there must be a gate in the fence that divides it from Cuba. Take them to Guantanamo, open the door, and march them back into Cuba." President Carter would still order the use of the base and Cuban refugees began to be transported to the center.
In May 1980 around 19,000 Cuban refugees from the
Mariel boatlift
The Mariel boatlift () was a mass emigration of Cubans who traveled from Cuba's Mariel Harbor to the United States between April 15 and October 31, 1980. The term "" is used to refer to these refugees in both Spanish and English. While the ex ...
were airlifted to the
Fort Chaffee Maneuver Training Center
Fort Chaffee Joint Maneuver Training Center, also known as Fort Chaffee, is an Arkansas Army National Guard Military base, installation located in western Arkansas, adjacent to the city of Fort Smith, Arkansas, Fort Smith. Established as Camp C ...
for immigration processing. The first 128 Cubans brought to the base by plane were met by a trespassing
klansman
The Ku Klux Klan (), commonly shortened to KKK or Klan, is an American Protestant-led Christian extremist, white supremacist, far-right hate group. It was founded in 1865 during Reconstruction in the devastated South. Various historians hav ...
on the tarmac who warned officials to not let them in, claiming they were criminals.
By May 20 around 20,000 Cubans were being held at the base.
Complications in processing
Despite wishes to gain freedom in America, many of the refugees were held for months at the base. Refugees were not allowed to leave the base unless they had a sponsor; it became incredibly hard for refugees to find sponsors due to the branding of Mariel refugees as criminals. Locals and members of the
Ku Klux Klan
The Ku Klux Klan (), commonly shortened to KKK or Klan, is an American Protestant-led Christian terrorism, Christian extremist, white supremacist, Right-wing terrorism, far-right hate group. It was founded in 1865 during Reconstruction era, ...
also demonstrated against the Cuban refugees outside of the base, angering the refugees inside.
Conflict
Escape and standoff
On May 26 hundreds of refugees escaped the base through an unguarded gate. The refugees couldn't be captured since they were technically not illegal aliens. Clinton would later recall "I was afraid people in the area were going to start shooting them. There had been a run on handguns and rifles in every gun store within fifty miles of Chaffee."
As the group of refugees walked to
Barling armed citizens, some on horseback, faced down the escapees to stop their movement. The police intervened to stop violence and asked for a Spanish speaking interpreter. Eduardo Gamarra a Bolivian born refugee re-locator official was brought in to interpret. Gamarra pleaded the refugees sit down to talk, warning the residents might open fire. The refugees talked of their frustrations in not finding sponsors so they could leave the base and Gamarra reassured them he would help to find sponsors, the refugees decided to return to the base. As the refugees returned to the base's fence the angered citizens charged the refugees pushing some over the fence and forcing them back into the base.
Later that night
Ku Klux Klan
The Ku Klux Klan (), commonly shortened to KKK or Klan, is an American Protestant-led Christian terrorism, Christian extremist, white supremacist, Right-wing terrorism, far-right hate group. It was founded in 1865 during Reconstruction era, ...
members carrying torches marched by the base with signs saying "Kill the Communist Criminals" while local armed vigilantes circled the base with pickup trucks.
Gamarra would recall that later that night the local news would refer to the standoff as a sit-in protest staged by the refugees.
Riots
June 1
On June 1 a group of refugees began marching and chanting "Libertad!" and walked out of the center. When state police began to beat the escapees the refugees began to hurl rocks at them.
After police were pinned behind trucks the police began to open fire with pistols and shotguns at the escapees. The escapees were forced back into the base and were then tear gassed and clubbed by federal police and soldiers. Bands of refugees began roaming around the base starting fires, various barracks were burned. Some Cubans helped authorities put out fires and calm rioters. Many rioters were later arrested, and many civilians were evacuated from the base.
June 2
On June 2 a group of refugees began chanting "Libertad" and marching towards the gate. A conflict arose between the marchers and a television crew and the crew had to flee to a nearby building. As the marchers began climbing the base fences, state troopers and deputies from Fort Smith and Sebastian county began to corral marchers back into the base and began firing warning shots. The marchers retreated back inside the base and began hurling rocks at law enforcement. Police officers began clubbing a refugee who escaped the conflict and was running from the base. In the town of Barling soldiers and police were holding back armed locals who demanded to battle the Cuban rioters, six locals would be arrested for disorderly conduct.
Aftermath
The conflict left one Cuban dead, 40 injured, 84 jailed, while one civilian and 15 state troopers were also injured.
Political losses
Political challenger of
Bill Clinton
William Jefferson Clinton (né Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician and lawyer who was the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. A member of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party, ...
for the governorship Frank White, used the crisis against Clinton in his campaign and would eventually win the election.
Immigration fears
After the May 26th standoff People magazine quoted an INS officer claiming that, "85 percent of the refugees are convicts, robbers, murderers, homosexuals, and prostitutes." This figure was a gross overestimate, but stoked popular fears. Former Carter administration official Gene Eidenberg stated on the media's role in the incident: "I was in Chicago in 1968. What happened at Ft. Chaffee was a disturbance but it became a riot in the public mind. The national media defined the character of 127,000 Cubans… people wandered off the base on a hot summer night to stretch their legs, they were scared, nervous, bored, but not about to take on the U.S. Army." Mayor Jack Freeze of neighboring community
Fort Smith noted of the incident "People here decided they didn't want the Cubans before they saw them. The press had already said they were bad. I knew they couldn't be productive. There might be a Desi Arnaz or two out there, but mostly they were going to be killing one another."
See also
*
1980 Miami riots
The 1980 Miami riots (also called the Arthur McDuffie riots) were race riots that occurred in Miami, Florida, starting in earnest on May 18, 1980, following an all-White male jury acquitting five white Dade County Public Safety Department offi ...
References
{{Reflist
1980 riots
Cuban-American riots in the United States
Immigration to the United States
Ku Klux Klan crimes
Racially motivated violence against Hispanic and Latino Americans
Riots and civil disorder in Arkansas
Sebastian County, Arkansas
Ku Klux Klan in Arkansas
May 1980 in the United States
June 1980 in the United States