Formula Hybrid is a

design A design is the concept or proposal for an object, process, or system. The word ''design'' refers to something that is or has been intentionally created by a thinking agent, and is sometimes used to refer to the inherent nature of something ...

and

engineering Engineering is the practice of using natural science, mathematics, and the engineering design process to Problem solving#Engineering, solve problems within technology, increase efficiency and productivity, and improve Systems engineering, s ...

challenge for

undergraduate Undergraduate education is education conducted after secondary education and before postgraduate education, usually in a college or university. It typically includes all postsecondary programs up to the level of a bachelor's degree. For example, ...

and graduate

college A college (Latin: ''collegium'') may be a tertiary educational institution (sometimes awarding degrees), part of a collegiate university, an institution offering vocational education, a further education institution, or a secondary sc ...

and

university A university () is an educational institution, institution of tertiary education and research which awards academic degrees in several Discipline (academia), academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase , which roughly ...

students. Started at the

Thayer School of Engineering The Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth (branded as Dartmouth Engineering) is the engineering school of Dartmouth College, a private research university in Hanover, New Hampshire, United States. Located in a three-building complex along th ...

Dartmouth College Dartmouth College ( ) is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in Hanover, New Hampshire, United States. Established in 1769 by Eleazar Wheelock, Dartmouth is one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the America ...

, and sponsored by the

Society of Automotive Engineers SAE International is a global professional association and standards organization based in Warrendale, Pennsylvania, United States. Formerly the Society of Automotive Engineers, the organization adopted its current name in 2006 to reflect bot ...

, the competition is a spinoff of the

Formula SAE Formula SAE is a student design competition organized by SAE International (previously known as the Society of Automotive Engineers, SAE). The competition was started in 1980 by the SAE student branch at the University of Texas at Austin after ...

competition based on

hybrid vehicle A hybrid vehicle is one that uses two or more distinct types of power, such as submarines that use diesel when surfaced and batteries when submerged. Other means to store energy include pressurized fluid in hydraulic hybrids. Hybrid powertrai ...

technology. They must design, build, and compete an

open-wheel An open-wheel car is a car with the wheels outside the car's main body, and usually having only one seat. Open-wheel cars contrast with street cars, sports cars, stock cars, and touring cars, which have their wheels below the body or inside fend ...

, single-seat race car. This car must conform to a formula which emphasizes

drive train A drivetrain (also frequently spelled as drive train or sometimes drive-train) or transmission system, is the group of components that deliver mechanical power from the prime mover to the driven components. In automotive engineering, the drive ...

innovation and

fuel efficiency Fuel efficiency (or fuel economy) is a form of thermal efficiency, meaning the ratio of effort to result of a process that converts chemical energy, chemical potential energy contained in a carrier (fuel) into kinetic energy or Mechanical work, w ...

in a high-performance application. The contest are held at the

New Hampshire Motor Speedway New Hampshire Motor Speedway (formerly known as the New Hampshire International Speedway from 1989 to 2007, the Bryar Motorsports Park from 1965 to 1989, and as the 106 Midway Raceway from 1961 to 1964) is a oval track in Loudon, New Hampshir ...

Loudon, New Hampshire Loudon is a town in Merrimack County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 5,576 at the 2020 census. Loudon is the home of New Hampshire Motor Speedway. The main village in town, where 711 people lived at the 2020 census, is define ...

. It was founded in 2006. In 2013, an all-electric category was added. The Formula Hybrid student automotive design competition encourages the development of hybrid automotive drive trains with an emphasis on efficiency in a high-performance application. Improved efficiency in an automotive drive system can be used to increase fuel economy, performance, or both. Building on the Formula SAE program, Formula Hybrid adds an extra level of complexity: fuel efficiency. Like Formula SAE events, the Hybrid competition includes an acceleration test,

autocross Autocross is a form of motorsport in which competitors are timed to complete a short course using automobiles on a dirt or grass surface, excepting where sealed surfaces are used in United States. Rules vary according to the governing or sanctioni ...

and endurance events, as well as engineering and construction static events. Unlike Formula SAE, Formula Hybrid events put a greater emphasis on drive train innovation and fuel efficiency.

Formula SAE Hybrid rules

For the Formula Hybrid competition conducted in 2007 and 2008, the Formula SAE rules for each of these years were utilized for the construction of the car, with the addition of Hybrid specific rules specifying the type of fuel and the hybrid definitions. Also defined are details of a competitor car that might be in the developmental stage defined as ‘Hybrid-in-Progress’ car. A 'Hybrid-in-Progress' is an all-electric car, under the idea that next year the car will be upgraded to a full hybrid powertrain. The difference noted in the rules state that a ‘hybrid’ Formula car must complete a 75-meter acceleration run in electric-only mode in less than 10 seconds. In terms of the engine capacities for the internal combustion engine, 250cc spark ignition engine or a 310cc diesel engine can be used. Starting in 2009, the Formula Hybrid rules stood alone as a complete document, incorporating the necessary car construction and safety rules from the Formula SAE rulebook. One large change for 2009 was the fuel allotment. In 2007–2008, teams were given an allotment to cover the entire event. In 2009, this allotment was smaller, but was only applied to the endurance event. Teams were free to use as much fuel as needed for the other events, provided the car was filled by event officials.

Winners

Competition events

Acceleration runs

The acceleration is a test of the engines, motors, and vehicle weight; It is also a test of how efficiently the team achieve the coupling of the electrical and mechanical power-train systems. The acceleration runs are broken down to two different categories - the fully electric acceleration run and the unrestricted acceleration run. In the fully electric acceleration run the team are only allowed to utilize the power delivered by the electric system i.e., the accumulator pack (batteries or capacitors) and electric motor system. In unlimited acceleration, the teams are free to use any system (or combination of systems) they wish.

Autocross event

The autocross event involves an open loop circuit designed with chicanes, speed traps and slaloms. In 2007, the autocross competition was held in the parking lot next to the Turn 1 grandstands. In 2008 and 2009, the autocross competition was on a circuit built on the NASCAR oval track on turn 4. The competition event is designed to test the ability of the car to go around the circuit at maximum speed and drive around the tight bends and turns. The objective of the competition is to set the fastest time from the starting point and the ending point of the circuit. As with

, the course is marked with orange traffic cones. Hitting a cone incurs a 2 sec penalty, while failure to follow the course results in a 20 sec penalty.

Endurance event

The endurance event is similar to the autocross track, except that it is closed loop and more spacious. As with the auto-x event, the course is marked with traffic cones; hitting a cone incurs a 2 sec penalty and a failure to follow the course incurs a 20 sec penalty. The Formula Hybrid cars are stipulated to drive a total of 22 kilometers in distance with one driver change pit stop at the half way mark. The pit stop can also be used to inspect minor details on the car by the team, but are not allowed any changes or allowed to add any fuel. The objective of the endurance race is to finish with the fastest race time while not running out of your allotted fuel. McGill University repeated this feat in 2008 where the only other team to finish the 40-lap race was

Illinois Institute of Technology The Illinois Institute of Technology, commonly referred to as Illinois Tech and IIT, is a Private university, private research university in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Tracing its history to 1890, the present name was adopted upon the m ...

which finished second. The 2009 endurance course was longer than past years, there were only 24 total laps to cover the 22 km distance, compared to 40 laps for 2008. A total of 6 cars finished the 24 laps:

Texas A&M University Texas A&M University (Texas A&M, A&M, TA&M, or TAMU) is a public university, public, Land-grant university, land-grant, research university in College Station, Texas, United States. It was founded in 1876 and became the flagship institution of ...

won, with Cal Poly SLO second and

Drexel University Drexel University is a private university, private research university with its main campus in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Drexel's undergraduate school was founded in 1891 by Anthony Joseph Drexel, Anthony J. Drexel, a financier ...

third. The other three finishers were

University of California Irvine The University of California, Irvine (UCI or UC Irvine) is a Public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Irvine, California, United States. One of the ten campuses of the University of California system, U ...

Colorado State University Colorado State University (Colorado State or CSU) is a Public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Fort Collins, Colorado, United States. It is the flagship university of the Colorado State University Syst ...

, and

McGill University McGill University (French: Université McGill) is an English-language public research university in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Founded in 1821 by royal charter,Frost, Stanley Brice. ''McGill University, Vol. I. For the Advancement of Learning, ...

, respectively.

Design event

The Formula Hybrid competition includes an analysis and critique of the engineering design and construction of the vehicle, with an emphasis on drive train innovation, fuel efficiency, and sustainable manufacturing practices.

2007 Competition

The 2007 Formula Hybrid Competition was organized in Loudon, New Hampshire at the New Hampshire International Speedway. A total of 6 teams participated in the competition. Though a bigger number of teams were registered for the competition, only these 6 teams were successful in getting a competitive car to the event. The six teams are the SAE teams from the universities of Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University,

, Florida Institute of Technology and

Yale University Yale University is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Founded in 1701, Yale is the List of Colonial Colleges, third-oldest institution of higher education in the United Stat ...

. The inaugural competition had three events that were designed to judge the hybrid Formula car and their performance. The overall winner is determined by two categorical events – dynamic and static events. The static events included a technical inspection, a safety inspection and the official weighing of the formula cars. The dynamic events included an acceleration run, an autocross race and an endurance event. McGill University finished the fastest in autocross competition and also finished fastest in the endurance race. Yale University's car was the fastest in electric-only acceleration. Florida Institute of Technology's car was the fastest in the unrestricted acceleration event. Florida Institute of Technology, Illinois Institute of Technology and Yale University, represented their school's first entry into any Formula SAE competition. In the 2007 competitions, the official results were as follows: 1st Place Overall – Hybrid:

2nd Place Overall – Hybrid: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
3rd Place Overall – Hybrid:

Best Hybrid in Progress: Florida Institute of Technology
Most Innovative Design: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Best Hybrid Systems Engineering*: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Special note * = Prize sponsored by DaimlerChrysler AG (before the split to

Daimler AG Mercedes-Benz Group AG (formerly Daimler-Benz, DaimlerChrysler, and Daimler) is a German multinational automotive company headquartered in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is one of the world's leading car manufacturers. Daimler-B ...

and

Chrysler FCA US, LLC, Trade name, doing business as Stellantis North America and known historically as Chrysler ( ), is one of the "Big Three (automobile manufacturers), Big Three" automobile manufacturers in the United States, headquartered in Auburn H ...

LLC A limited liability company (LLC) is the United States-specific form of a private limited company. It is a business structure that can combine the pass-through taxation of a partnership or sole proprietorship with the limited liability of a ...

)

2008 Competition

The 2008 Formula Hybrid Competition was organized in Loudon, New Hampshire at the New Hampshire International Speedway. Held for three days from May 5 to May 7, the competition saw the total number of registered teams increase to 15 teams; student teams from across the world like

from Canada
MADI State Technical University from Russia
and National Chiao Tung University from Taiwan. A total of 12 teams arrived at the competition and 9 teams participated with a formula car on the track. The twelve teams were the SAE teams from the universities of

, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University,

University of Vermont The University of Vermont and State Agricultural College, commonly referred to as the University of Vermont (UVM), is a Public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Burlington, Vermont, United States. Foun ...

North Carolina State University North Carolina State University (NC State, North Carolina State, NC State University, or NCSU) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Raleigh, North Carolina, United States. Founded in 1887 and p ...

University of Wisconsin–Madison The University of Wisconsin–Madison (University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin, UW, UW–Madison, or simply Madison) is a public land-grant research university in Madison, Wisconsin, United States. It was founded in 1848 when Wisconsin achieved st ...

, Florida Institute of Technology and

. The second annual competition was conducted on the same competition pattern as in the 2007 competition (see above). The difference to be noted was the fact that the autocross in the 2007 competition was conducted in the parking lot of the racetrack. In 2008, the autocross event was conducted on the oval part of the NASCAR track on Turn 4. In 2008, there were a higher number of teams from across the United States. McGill University finished with the fastest time in the autocross competition as well as the endurance race. Dartmouth College's car finished fastest in both the unrestricted and electric-only acceleration runs. Illinois Institute of Technology was the only other team which completed the 40 lap endurance race. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University only managed to finish 32 laps while Drexel University managed to finish only 25 laps of the endurance race. In the 2008 competition, the official results were as follows: 1st Place Overall – Hybrid:

2nd Place Overall – Hybrid: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
3rd Place Overall – Hybrid:

2009 Competition

The 2009 Formula Hybrid Competition was held for three days from May 4 to May 6 with the first day dedicated to technical inspections by SAE, IEEE and industry officials. The number of registered teams increase to 30 teams, nearly four times the number of teams in the first year of the competition in 2007. The student teams are coming from across the world like

and

University of Manitoba The University of Manitoba (U of M, UManitoba, or UM) is a public research university in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Founded in 1877, it is the first university of Western Canada. Both by total student enrolment and campus area, the University of ...

from Canada
MADI State Technical University
from Russia, National Chiao Tung University from Taiwan, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology from India and

Thapar University Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology (TIET), formerly Thapar University, is a deemed-to-be-university, private deemed-to-be-university, in Patiala, India. The institute provides multiple subjects; including art, computer science, liber ...

also from India. The returning teams are from the universities of

, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University,

, University of Vermont,

, North Carolina State University, University of Wisconsin–Madison,

, Florida Institute of Technology,

and

. The new teams from United States are from

California State Polytechnic University, Pomona California State Polytechnic University Pomona (Cal Poly Pomona) is a Public university, public Institute of Technology (United States)#Polytechnic universities, polytechnic research university in Pomona, California, United States. It is the l ...

Arizona State University Arizona State University (Arizona State or ASU) is a public university, public research university in Tempe, Arizona, United States. Founded in 1885 as Territorial Normal School by the 13th Arizona Territorial Legislature, the university is o ...

, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,

, University of Alabama - Tuscaloosa,

and University of California, San Diego, to name a few.

was the only team to register two cars with distinct hybrid drive-train systems - WISER Hawks I and Wiser Hawks II. They only ran the parallel-hybrid; the series hybrid was not finished due to the complex high-voltage electrical connections. In the competition, 21 teams officially scored points in the various events – design, acceleration runs, autocross and endurance race. The total points possible were a 1000 (per team). For the static events, each team could score a maximum of 300 points and for the dynamic (racing) events, each team could score a maximum of 700 points. The official results of the 2009 competition are as follows: 1st Place Overall – Hybrid:

981 out of 1000 points
2nd Place Overall – Hybrid:

758 points
3rd Place Overall – Hybrid:

689 points There were also 1st, 2nd and 3rd place awards for 'Hybrid-in-Progress'.
1st Place Overall – Hybrid-in-progress: Cal Poly SLO
2nd Place Overall – Hybrid-in-progress:

Tufts University Tufts University is a private research university in Medford and Somerville, Massachusetts, United States, with additional facilities in Boston and Grafton, as well as Talloires, France. Tufts also has several Doctor of Physical Therapy p ...

3rd Place Overall – Hybrid-in-progress:

University of California, San Diego The University of California, San Diego (UC San Diego in communications material, formerly and colloquially UCSD) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in San Diego, California, United States. Es ...

Individual Event Results:
Static Events:
Presentation:

Design:

Dynamic Events:
Electric Acceleration:

Unlimited Acceleration:

Autocross:

Endurance:

Most Innovative Design:

Brigham Young University Brigham Young University (BYU) is a Private education, private research university in Provo, Utah, United States. It was founded in 1875 by religious leader Brigham Young and is the flagship university of the Church Educational System sponsore ...

Best Hybrid Systems Engineering*:

Special note * = Prize sponsored by

2010 Competition

The 2010 Formula Hybrid Competition was organized in Loudon, New Hampshire at the New Hampshire International Speedway. The event was held for four days from May 3 through May 6 with the first day dedicated to technical inspections by SAE,

IEEE The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is an American 501(c)(3) organization, 501(c)(3) public charity professional organization for electrical engineering, electronics engineering, and other related disciplines. The IEEE ...

and industry officials. The primary purpose of these inspections is the overall safety of the student-built racing car and the need to certify this safety will enable the team to participate in the competition. The competition has consistently seen a substantial rise in the number of teams. The total number of registered teams was thirty. In the competition, twenty-four teams officially scored points in the various events – presentation, design, acceleration runs, autocross and endurance race. The total points possible were a 1000 (per team). For the static events, each team could score a maximum of 300 points and for the dynamic (racing) events, each team could score a maximum of 700 points. The official results of the 2010 competition are as follows: 1st Place Overall – Hybrid:

Politecnico di Torino The Polytechnic University of Turin (, abbreviated as PoliTO) is the oldest Italian public technical university. The university offers several courses in the fields of Engineering, Architecture, Urban Planning and Industrial Design, and is consi ...

943 out of 1000 points
2nd Place Overall – Hybrid:

939 points
3rd Place Overall – Hybrid:

University of California, Davis The University of California, Davis (UC Davis, UCD, or Davis) is a Public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Davis, California, United States. It is the northernmost of the ten campuses of the University ...

748 points There were also 1st, 2nd and 3rd place awards for 'Hybrid-in-Progress'.
1st Place Overall – Hybrid-in-progress: Florida A&M /

Florida State University Florida State University (FSU or Florida State) is a Public university, public research university in Tallahassee, Florida, United States. It is a senior member of the State University System of Florida and a preeminent university in the s ...

2nd Place Overall – Hybrid-in-progress:

Lawrence Technological University Lawrence Technological University (Lawrence Tech, LTU) is a private university in Southfield, Michigan. It was founded in 1932 in Highland Park, Michigan, as the Lawrence Institute of Technology (LIT) by Russell E. Lawrence. The university moved ...

3rd Place Overall – Hybrid-in-progress:

Milwaukee School of Engineering The Milwaukee School of Engineering (MSOE) is a private university in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. Founded in 1903, the university has a primary focus on undergraduate engineering education with additional programs in business, mathem ...

Individual Event Results:
Static Events:
Presentation:

Design:

, Italy Dynamic Events:
Electric Acceleration:

Unlimited Acceleration:

Autocross:

, Italy
Endurance:

, Italy

Future of Engineering Award:

, Italy
GM Best Hybrid Systems Engineering:

2011 Competition

Dartmouth's 5th Annual Formula Hybrid Competition took place in Loudon, New Hampshire at the New Hampshire International Speedway. The event was held for four days from May 1 through May 4 with the first day dedicated to technical inspections by SAE,

and industry officials. The primary purpose of these inspections is the overall safety of the student-built racing car and the need to certify this safety will enable the team to participate in the competition. The competition has consistently seen a substantial rise in the number of teams. The total number of registered teams increased to thirty-four, over five times the number of teams in the first year of the competition in 2007. In the competition, twenty-one teams officially scored points in the various events – presentation, design, acceleration runs, autocross and endurance race. The total points possible were a 1000 (per team). For the static events, each team could score a maximum of 300 points and for the dynamic (racing) events, each team could score a maximum of 700 points. The official results of the 2011 competition are as follows: 1st Place Overall –

2nd Place Overall –

3rd Place Overall –

Lund University Lund University () is a Public university, public research university in Sweden and one of Northern Europe's oldest universities. The university is located in the city of Lund in the Swedish province of Scania. The university was officially foun ...

, Sweden There were also 1st and 2nd place awards for 'Hybrid-in-Progress'.
1st Place Overall – Hybrid-in-progress:

2nd Place Overall – Hybrid-in-progress:

Individual Event Results:
Static Events:
Presentation:

Design:

, Sweden Dynamic Events:
Electric Acceleration:

Unlimited Acceleration:

Autocross:

Endurance:

Future of Engineering Award:

, Sweden
GM Best Hybrid Systems Engineering Award:

Best Hybrid Systems Engineering Award:

2012 Competition

The 6th Annual Formula Hybrid Competition was organized in Loudon, New Hampshire at the New Hampshire International Speedway. The event was held for four days from April 30 through May 3 with the first day dedicated to technical inspections by SAE,

and industry officials. The primary purpose of these inspections is the overall safety of the student-built racing car and the need to certify this safety will enable the team to participate in the competition. The competition has consistently seen a substantial rise in the number of teams. The total number of registered increased to thirty-nine, over six times the number of teams in the first year of competition in 2007. In the competition, twenty-five teams officially scored points in the various events – presentation, design, acceleration runs, autocross and endurance race. The total points possible were a 1000 (per team). For the static events, each team could score a maximum of 300 points and for the dynamic (racing) events, each team could score a maximum of 700 points. The official results of the 2012 competition are as follows: 1st Place Overall – Hybrid: Universite de Sherbrooke
1st Place Overall – Hybrid:

3rd Place Overall – Hybrid: Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya The scores of the first two finishers in the Hybrid category were within 0.2% of one another, and because the uncertainties in some of the event scores exceeded that value, the organizers decided to award two first-place trophies for 2012 Overall Hybrid. There were also 1st, 2nd and 3rd place awards for Electric-only*.
1st Place Overall –Electric-only:

University of Kansas The University of Kansas (KU) is a public research university with its main campus in Lawrence, Kansas, United States. Two branch campuses are in the Kansas City metropolitan area on the Kansas side: the university's medical school and hospital ...

(Lawrence)
2nd Place Overall –Electric-only:

(WISER)
3rd Place Overall –Electric-only:

*Beginning in 2012, the Hybrid-in-progress (HIP) class was renamed Electric-only and the rules changed slightly to make the vehicles more compatible with the newly announced FSAE-Electric class. Individual Event Results:
Static Events:
Presentation:

Design: Universite de Sherbrooke tied with

(Lawrence) Dynamic Events:
Electric Acceleration:

(Lawrence)
Unlimited Acceleration:

Autocross:

(Lawrence)
Endurance:

University of Texas The University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin, UT, or Texas) is a public research university in Austin, Texas, United States. Founded in 1883, it is the flagship institution of the University of Texas System. With 53,082 students as of fall 2 ...

(Arlington) tied with

(WISER)

Future of Engineering Award:

(Lawrence)

Excellence in EV Engineering:

(Lawrence)
GM Best Engineered Hybrid Award:
1st Place -

(Arlington)
2nd Place - Universite de Sherbrooke
3rd Place -

2013 Competition

The 2013 Formula Hybrid Competition is being held in Loudon, New Hampshire at the New Hampshire International Speedway from April 29 through May 2, 2013.

References

External links

McMaster Formula Hybrid
McMaster University Formula Hybrid Racing Team
Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth WebsiteDartmouth Formula Racing
Dartmouth Formula Racing (DFR) team
UVM Alternative Energy Racing Organization
The University of Vermont Formula Hybrid Team web page
McGill University Formula Hybrid Team website

Illinois Tech Hybrid Racing team
Illinois Institute of Technology's Formula Hybrid Team web page
Formula Hybrid Team ETH Zürich
ETH Zürich Formula Hybrid Team web page
Formula Hybrid: Cal Poly, SLO
California Polytechnic State University of San Luis Obispo Formula Hybrid
Moscow SEG-MADI Hybrid
Moscow State Technical University Formula Hybrid Team website, Students Engineering Group MADI Hybrid, Russia

San Jose State University Formula Hybrid Team Website
Brigham Young University Racing
Brigham Young University Formula Hybrid Team website
Lawrence University Blue Devil Racing
Lawrence Technological University Formula Hybrid Team website
LU Racing
Lund University Formula Hybrid Team website
Politecnico de Torino Formula Hybrid Team website

Texas A&M Racing
Texas A&M University Formula Hybrid Team website
UTA Formula Hybrid
University of Texas – Arlington Formula Hybrid Team website
Hybride Sherbrooke
Universite de Sherbrooke Formula Hybrid Team website
Lafayette Motorsports
Lafayette College Formula Hybrid Team website {{coord, 55, 48, 08, N, 37, 31, 44, E, region:RU_type:landmark_source:kolossus-ruwiki, display=title Engineering education Hybrid Green racing Student sports competitions