Forcing may refer to:

Mathematics and science

Forcing (mathematics) In the mathematical discipline of set theory, forcing is a technique for proving consistency and independence results. It was first used by Paul Cohen in 1963, to prove the independence of the axiom of choice and the continuum hypothesis from Zer ...

, a technique for obtaining independence proofs for set theory *

Forcing (recursion theory) Forcing in computability theory is a modification of Paul Cohen's original set-theoretic technique of forcing to deal with computability concerns. Conceptually the two techniques are quite similar: in both one attempts to build generic objects ...

, a modification of Paul Cohen's original set theoretic technique of forcing to deal with the effective concerns in recursion theory *Forcing, driving a

harmonic oscillator In classical mechanics, a harmonic oscillator is a system that, when displaced from its Mechanical equilibrium, equilibrium position, experiences a restoring force ''F'' Proportionality (mathematics), proportional to the displacement ''x'': \v ...

at a particular frequency *

Cloud forcing In meteorology, cloud forcing, cloud radiative forcing (CRF) or cloud radiative effect (CRE) is the difference between the radiation budget components for average cloud conditions and cloud-free conditions. Much of the interest in cloud forcing re ...

, the difference between the radiation budget components for average cloud conditions and cloud-free conditions * Forcing

bulbs In botany, a bulb is structurally a short stem with fleshy leaves or leaf basesBell, A.D. 1997. ''Plant form: an illustrated guide to flowering plant morphology''. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K. that function as food storage organs durin ...

, the inducement of plants to flower earlier than their natural season *

Radiative forcing Radiative forcing (or climate forcing) is the change in energy flux in the atmosphere caused by natural or anthropogenic factors of climate change as measured by watts / metre2. It is a scientific concept used to quantify and compare the external ...

, the difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy in a given climate system

Arts, entertainment, and media

Forcing (magic) In stage magic, a force is a method of controlling a choice made by a spectator during a trick. Some forces are performed physically using sleight of hand, such as a trick where a spectator appears to select a random card from a deck but is inste ...

, a technique by which a magician forces one outcome from a card draw * Forcing, several distinct concepts within the game of

contract bridge Contract bridge, or simply bridge, is a trick-taking card game using a standard 52-card deck. In its basic format, it is played by four players in two competing partnerships, with partners sitting opposite each other around a table. Millions o ...

: **

Forcing bid In the card game contract bridge, a forcing bid is any that obliges the partner to bid over an intermediate opposing pass. Owing to the partnership's bidding system or a bridge convention, partner must "keep the bidding open", i.e. not pass, there ...

Forcing defense A forcing defense in contract bridge aims to force declarer to repeatedly ruff the defenders' leads. If this can be done often enough, declarer eventually runs out of trumps and may lose control of the hand. A forcing defense is therefore applicable ...

Forcing notrump The forcing notrump is a bidding convention in the card game of bridge. In Standard American bidding, the response of 1NT to an opening bid of 1 or 1 shows 6 to 9 high card points (HCP) and is ''non-forcing''. Opener, with a balanced minimum, ma ...

Forcing pass In the card game bridge, a forcing pass is an agreement or understanding that a pass call obliges the partner to bid, double, or redouble over an intermediate opposing pass, i.e. partner must "keep the bidding open". : ... – (act) – Pa ...

** Forcing take-out, an obsolete name for a strong jump shift; see Glossary of contract bridge terms#forcingtakeout **

Fourth suit forcing Fourth suit forcing (also referred to as fourth suit artificial; abbreviated as FSF or 4SF) is a contract bridge convention that allows responder to create, at his second turn to bid, a forcing auction. A bid by responder in the fourth suit, the ...

Mathematics and science

Arts, entertainment, and media

See also