Florence Dixie

Lady Florence Caroline Dixie (née Douglas; 24 May 18557 November 1905) was a Scottish writer, war correspondent, and feminist. Her account of travelling ''Across Patagonia'', her children's books ''The Young Castaways'' and ''Aniwee; or, The Warrior Queen'', and her feminist utopia ''Gloriana; or, The Revolution of 1900'' all deal with feminist themes related to girls, women, and their positions in society.

Early life

Born in Cummertrees, Dumfries, Scotland on 24 May 1855, Lady Florence Douglas was the daughter of Caroline Margaret Clayton, daughter of General Sir William Clayton, 5th Baronet, Member of Parliament for Great Marlow,''DIXIE, Lady Florence, poet, novelist, writer; explorer and a keen champion of Woman's Rights'' in ''Who Was Who'' online a
7345683
at xreferplus.com (subscription required), accessed 11 March 2008 and Archibald Douglas, 8th Marquess of Queensberry.

She had a twin brother, Lord James Edward Sholto Douglas, an older sister, Lady Gertrude Douglas, and three older brothers: John, Viscount Drumlanrig, later 9th Marquess of Queensberry, Lord Francis Douglas, and the Reverend Lord Archibald Edward Douglas.G. E. Cokayne ''et al.'', eds., ''The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant'', new edition, 13 volumes in 14 (1910–1959; new edition, 2000), volume X, page 694

Lady Florence has been described as a tomboy who tried to match her brothers in physical activities, whether swimming, riding, or hunting. She rode astride, wore her hair short in a boyish crop, and refused to conform to fashion when being presented to Queen Victoria. She and her twin brother James were particularly close during childhood, calling each other "Darling" (Florence) and "Dearest" (James). She was also close to her older brother John, whom she resembled in temperament, both being "fearless, dynamic and opinionated".

Her childhood was marked by a number of dramatic and even tragic events. On 6 August 1858, when she was three, Lady Florence's father died; he was widely believed to have killed himself. In 1862, his widow, Caroline, acted upon a long-formed conviction and converted to Roman Catholicism. She took her youngest children, Archibald, then twelve, and Florence and James, aged seven, to France, where she could educate them as she wished. This led the children's guardians to threaten Lady Queensberry with an action under English law to take her children away from her. The three were too young to choose a guardian under Scottish law. In the event, they remained in France for two years. Falconer Atlee, the British Consul at Nantes, offered them a place of safety when their first location was discovered, and the Emperor Napoleon III eventually extended Lady Queensberry his protection, ensuring that she could keep the custody of the three children. Archibald converted to Rome and took holy orders, becoming a priest. Caroline's older daughter, Gertrude, also became a Roman Catholic. When her Anglican fiancé would not agree to their children being brought up in that faith, Gertrude's engagement was broken off. She entered a convent in Hammersmith and completed her novitiate to become a Sister of the Black Veil in 1867, but later left the order.

Eventually, it was agreed that Caroline would retain custody of her younger children, and they returned to England. Lady Florence was first educated at home by a governess, but is described as "defiant, rebellious and restless". After returning from France at the age of nine, the twins were separated. James was sent to a Roman Catholic boarding school, and Florence to a convent school, which she hated. But she found some consolation in writing poetry: her childhood verses were published much later as ''The songs of a child, and other poems'', under the pseudonym 'Darling'.Middleton, Dorothy, "Dixie ée Douglas Florence Caroline, Lady Dixie (1855–1905)" in ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004

Another tragedy struck the family just days before Florence's eldest brother, John Douglas, was to reach his majority as 9th Marquess of Queensberry. As guests gathered for a lavish celebration, word came that on 14 July 1865, the 18-year-old Lord Francis Douglas had fallen to his death with three others, after achieving the first ascent of the Matterhorn. Lord Queensberry travelled post-haste to Zermatt, with the intention of bringing his brother's body home, but nothing had been found of Lord Francis but some tattered shreds of his clothing. Queensberry, alone, without a guide, and starting out by moonlight, attacked the Matterhorn himself and made it as far as "the Hut". It was largely a matter of chance that two guides found and rescued him before he died of cold. He wrote apologetically to Florence, "I thought and thought where he was, and called him, and wondered if I should ever see him again. I was half mad with misery, and I could not help it." "Exceedingly amiable and talented" Francis's death was deeply felt by his family. In 1876, Florence accompanied Queensberry on a return to Zermatt, and he showed her the slopes where Francis had died. Beyond the family, the tragedy was a long-running sensation, reported by newspapers all over the world, often in tones both sensational and denunciatory.

Marriage and children

On 3 April 1875, at the age of nineteen, Douglas married Sir Alexander Beaumont Churchill Dixie, 11th Baronet (1851–1924),Theakstone, John
''Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works by Women Travellers, 1837–1910''
(dated Summer 2003) online at victorianresearch.org (accessed 8 March 2008) known as "Sir A.B.C.D." or "Beau". Beau, who had succeeded his father as the 11th baronet on 8 January 1872, had an income of £10,000 per year, , a country house, Bosworth Hall, near Market Bosworth, and a London townhouse in the fashionable district of Mayfair. He served as High Sheriff of Leicestershire for 1876. Though Florence was only five feet tall, while Beau stood , Florence became the dominant partner in the marriage, reportedly ruling her husband "with a rod of iron".

The young couple had two sons, George Douglas (born 18 January 1876), who later became the 12th baronet, and Albert Edward Wolstan (born 26 September 1878, died 1940), whose godfather was the Prince of Wales.Profile
staleyandco.com; accessed 11 March 2008.

Both husband and wife shared a love of adventure and the outdoor life, and are generally considered to have had a happy marriage, certainly the happiest of the Douglas siblings. Nonetheless, Beau's habits of drinking and of gambling for high stakes had catastrophic consequences for the family. The couple were reportedly referred to by contemporaries as "Sir Always and Lady Sometimes Tipsy". In 1885 Beau's ancestral home and estate at Bosworth were sold to pay his debts.

Following loss of the estate, the couple moved to Glen Stuart, Annan, Dumfriesshire, Scotland. One of the houses on Lord Queensberry's Scottish estate of Kinmount, it had previously been the home of Lady Florence's mother, the Dowager Marchioness.

Writing

In 1877, Lady Florence published her first novel, ''Abel Avenged: a Dramatic Tragedy''. A number of Dixie's books, particularly her children's books ''The Young Castaways, or, The Child Hunters of Patagonia'' and ''Aniwee, or, The Warrior Queen'', and her adult novels ''Gloriana, or the Revolution of 1900'' and ''Isola, or the Disinherited: A Revolt for Woman and all the Disinherited'' develop feminist themes related to girls, women, and their positions in society. Her final novel, a semi-autobiographical work entitled ''The Story of Ijain, or the Evolution of a Mind'' appeared in 1903.

Although she published fiction for both adults and children, Dixie is best remembered for her travel books, ''Across Patagonia'' (1880) and ''In the Land of Misfortune'' (1882), both of which are still reprinted. In these books Dixie presents herself as the protagonist of the story. By doing so she defies the male tradition of quoting other travel writers who have visited and written on the area, and creates a unique feminine style of travel writing in the nineteenth century.

''Across Patagonia''

In December 1878, two months after the birth of their second son, Edward, Dixie and her husband left their aristocratic life and their children behind them in England and traveled to Patagonia. She was the only female in her traveling party. She set out accompanied by her brothers, Lord Queensberry and Lord James Douglas, her husband Sir Alexander Beaumont Churchill Dixie, and Julius Beerbohm. Beerbohm, a family friend, was hired as the group's guide because of his previous experience in Patagonia. Dixie debated going elsewhere, but chose Patagonia because few Europeans had ever set foot there.

Once in Patagonia, Dixie paints a picture of the landscape using techniques reminiscent of the Romantic tradition of William Wordsworth and others, using emotion and physical sensation to connect to the natural world. While she describes the land as "uninviting and feared territory", Dixie's actions demonstrate that survival in a wild land requires both strength and agency.

During her travels in Patagonia, Dixie is "active, hardy, and resilient", rejecting Victorian gender constructs that depicted women as weak and in need of protection. Furthermore, in writing ''Across Patagonia'' (1880), Dixie never mentions her husband by name or title (simply referring to him as "my husband"), and presents herself as the expedition hero rather than the men being the heroes of the story. She recounts times where she outsmarts or outlasts the men or remains their equal.

While social issues such as European women's suffrage can be seen in her narrative, she says little about the natives of Patagonia. She has been criticized by Monica Szurmuk for not addressing the military campaigns of General Julio Argentino Roca against indigenous people of the time. However, Szurmuk also notes that Dixie's writing has a transgressive quality that acknowledges mutuality:

Lady Dixie shared her observations of Patagonia with Charles Darwin. She took issue with Darwin's description of the Tuco-tuco in his ''Journal of Researches'' (1839). While Darwin had suggested that the Tuco-tuco were nocturnal creatures that lived almost entirely underground, Lady Dixie had seen the Tuco-tuco out during the daytime.Darwin Correspondence Database
accessed Fri 8 March 2013 She sent Darwin a copy of ''Across Patagonia''; Darwin's copy of this book is part of the Library of Charles Darwin located in the Rare Books Room of Cambridge University Library.

When she returned from Patagonia, Dixie brought home with her a jaguar, which she called Affums and kept as a pet. Affums killed several deer in Windsor Great Park and had to be sent to a zoo.

A hotel at Puerto Natales in the Chilean part of Patagonia is named the ''Hotel Lady Florence Dixie'' in her honor.

Her experiences in Patagonia inspire much of her later work, both her writing for children, and her work with the women's suffrage movement. Her two children's books, ''The Young Castaways'' and its sequel ''Aniwee'', are set in Patagonia and depict strong female characters.

''In the Land of Misfortune''

In 1881, Dixie was appointed as a field correspondent of the ''Morning Post'' of London to cover the First Boer War (1880–1881) and the aftermath of the Anglo-Zulu War. She and her husband traveled to South Africa together. In Cape Town, she stayed with the Governor of the Cape Colony. She visited Zululand, and on her return interviewed the Zulu king Cetshwayo, being held in detention by the British.

Her reports, followed by her ''A Defence of Zululand and Its King from the Blue Book'' (1882) and ''In the Land of Misfortune'' (1882), were instrumental in Cetshwayo's brief restoration to his throne in 1883. In Dixie's ''In the Land of Misfortune'', there is a struggle between her individualism and her identification with the power of the British Empire, but for all of her sympathy with the Zulu cause and with Cetshwayo, she remained at heart an imperialist.

A Feminist Utopia

Dixie held strong views on the emancipation of women, proposing that the sexes should be equal in marriage and divorce, that the Crown should be inherited by the monarch's oldest child, regardless of sex, and even that men and women should wear the same clothes. She was a member of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, and her obituary in the '' Englishwoman's Review'' emphasized her support for the cause of women's suffrage (i.e. the right to vote): "Lady Florence... threw herself eagerly into the Women's Movement, and spoke on public platforms."

In 1890, Dixie published a utopian novel, ''Gloriana, or the Revolution of 1900'', which has been described as a feminist fantasy. It also interweaves elements of romance and detective fiction. In it, women win the right to vote, as the result of the protagonist, Gloriana, posing as a man, Hector D'Estrange, and being elected to the House of Commons. The character of D'Estrange is reflective of Oscar Wilde,Heilmann, Ann, ''Wilde's New Women: the New Woman on Wilde'' in Uwe Böker, Richard Corballis, Julie A. Hibbard, ''The Importance of Reinventing Oscar: Versions of Wilde During the Last 100 Years'' (Rodopi, 2002) pp. 135–147, in particular p. 139 but perhaps even more so of Dixie herself. Another of the many active, competent and powerful women characters in the book is Scottish Lady Flora Desmond (who, as ''The Athenaeum'' pointed out, has a name very similar to the author). Flora helps to organize a 200,000 member Women's Volunteer force, and herself leads their elite mounted White Regiment. A host of women characters are instrumental to the plot, both in supporting and opposing the hero/heroine: as noted by Walker, the adventures in ''Gloriana'' occur to women rather than to men.

The book ends in the year 1999, with a description of a prosperous and peaceful Britain whose government has deeply benefited from the engagement of women. In the preface to the novel, Dixie proposes not only women's suffrage, but that the two sexes should be educated together and that all professions and positions should be open to both. In the novel, she goes farther and says:Gates, Barbara T. (ed.), ''In Nature's Name: An Anthology of Women's Writing and Illustration, 1780–1930'' (University of Chicago Press, 2002
pages 61–66
online at books.google.co.uk (accessed 9 March 2008)

Women and sports

Women's football

Dixie played a key role is establishing the game of women's association football, organizing exhibition matches for charity, and in 1895 she became President of the British Ladies' Football Club, stipulating that "the girls should enter into the spirit of the game with heart and soul". She arranged for a women's football team from London to tour Scotland.

Blood sports

During her early life and travels, Dixie was an enthusiastic sportswoman, an intrepid rider and shot. As the following reminiscence shows, part of the appeal of hunting in Leicestershire was the opportunity to compete on an equal footing with active male peers:

Dixie's skills on horseback were sufficient to be mentioned in sporting magazines. The following account gives a vivid idea of the risks involved in a fox hunt:

In Patagonia, survival of the party as a whole depended on the equal participation of all those within it. Dixie shared the responsibility and the dangers of necessary tasks such as hunting for food for the party.

However, she was also "haunted by a sad remorse" for the death of a beautiful golden deer of the Cordilleras, which was exceedingly tame and trusting. During the 1890s, Dixie's views on field sports changed dramatically, and in her book ''The Horrors of Sport'' (1891) she condemned blood sports as cruel. Dixie later became Vice-President of the London Vegetarian Association.

Politics

Dixie was an enthusiastic writer of letters to newspapers on liberal and progressive issues, including support for Scottish and Irish Home Rule.
Her article ''The Case of Ireland'' was published in '' Vanity Fair'' on 27 May 1882.

Nevertheless, she was critical of the Irish Land League and the Fenians, who reportedly made an unsuccessful attempt to attack her in March 1883. The incident received international attention, but considerable doubt was expressed, then and later, about whether such an attack had actually occurred.

Alleged assassination attempt

Reports were published of an attempt to assassinate Lady Florence Dixie at her residence, the Fishery, situated near the Thames, and about two and a half miles from Windsor. Lady Florence Dixie gave the following account to the newspapers:

Questions were raised in the House of Commons on 19 and 20 March,
and again on the 29th, about the investigation, but Lady Dixie's account was not supported by others, and was dismissed.

Alleged kidnapping

In her obituary, printed 8 November 1905, ''The New York Times'' suggested that Dixie had claimed to be kidnapped by Irish agitators.

Death

Lady Florence Dixie died of diphtheria on 7 November 1905. She was buried beside her twin brother in the family burial ground on Gooley Hill on the Kinmount estat


''The New York Times'' reported that the "Author, Champion of Woman's Rights, and War Correspondent" had died on 7 November at her home in Glen Stuart, Dumfriesshire.

Likenesses

A monochrome lithography, lithograph of Dixie by Andrew Maclure was published in 1877. She is seated on horseback and holding a riding crop. A copy is in the National Portrait Gallery.

A more significant lithograph, by Théobald Chartran, printed in colour, appeared in '' Vanity Fair'' in 1884 and is one of the long series of caricatures published in the magazine between 1868 and 1914. These were all coloured illustrations featuring notable people of the day, and each was accompanied by a short (usually adulatory) biography. Of more than two thousand people so honoured, only eighteen were women. Featured in the magazine on 5 January 1884, Dixie joined this small band, which included Queen Isabella II of Spain (1869), Sarah Bernhardt (1879), the Princess of Wales (1882) and Angela Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts (1883). Victoria, Princess Royal, and Elizabeth, Empress of Austria, followed later in 1884.

Bibliography

The published works of Lady Florence Dixie include:

Books

*''Abel Avenged: a Dramatic Tragedy'' (London, Edward Moxon, 1877)Anderson, Monica, ''Women and the Politics of Travel, 1870–1914'
page 266
online at books.google.co.uk] (accessed 8 March 2008)
*
Across Patagonia
' (Edinburgh, Bentley, 1880)
*''Waifs and Strays: The Pilgrimage of a Bohemian Abroad'' (London: Griffith, Farren Okeden and Welsh, 1880, 60 pp)AfricaBib
(accessed 21 May 2013)
*''In the Land of Misfortune'' (London: Richard Bentley, 1882, 434 pp)
*''A Defense of Zululand and Its King from the Blue Books'' (London: Chatto and Windus, 1882, 129 pp)
*''Redeemed in Blood'' (London, Henry & Co., 1889)
*
Gloriana; or, The Revolution of 1900
' (London, Henry & Co., 1890)
*''The Young Castaways; or, The Child Hunters of Patagonia'' (1890), for children
*
Aniwee; or, The Warrior Queen
' (1890), for children
*
Isola; or, The Disinherited: A Revolt for Woman and all the Disinherited
' (London, Leadenhall Press, 1902)
*''The Story of Ijain; or, The Evolution of a Mind'' (London, 1903)

Shorter works

*"The Case of Ireland" in '' Vanity Fair'', issue dated 27 May 1882
*"Cetshwayo and Zululand" in ''Nineteenth Century'' Volume 12 No. 2 (August 1882) pp. 303–312
*"In the Land of Misfortune" (1882)Anderson, Monica, ''Women and the Politics of Travel, 1870–1914'', p. 119 ''et seq.''
*"On Cetshwayo and his Restoration" in ''Vanity Fair'', 12 July 1884, pp 21–22
*"Memoirs of a Great Lone Land" in ''Westminster Review'', Volume 139 (March 1893) pp. 247–256
*"The True Science of Living: The New Gospel of Health" in ''Westminster Review'', Volume 150 (1898) pp. 463–470
*"The Horrors of Sport" (Humanitarian League publication no. 4, 1891)
*''The Mercilessness of Sport'' (1901)
*Introduction to Joseph McCabe's ''Religion of Woman'' (1905)

Private letters

Unpublished works include:

*Florence Dixie to William Gladstone, 11 August 1882 (British Library: Gladstone Papers 391, Add. MS. 44476, f. 127)
*Florence Dixie to William Gladstone, 23 October 1883 (British Library: Gladstone Papers 391, Add. MS. 44483, f. 257)
*Florence Dixie to William Gladstone, 21 May 1890 (British Library: Gladstone Papers 425, Add. MS. 44510, f. 34)
*Florence Dixie to Mr Clodd, 3 July 1903 (University of Leeds: Brotherton Collection)
*Correspondence with Lord Kimberley (Bodleian Library, Oxford)
*Correspondence with Charles Darwin available via th
Darwin Correspondence Project website.

About her

*"Woman's Mission" in ''Vanity Fair'', 16 August 1884, pp 114–116
*"Woman's Mission" in ''Vanity Fair'', 23 August 1884, pp 134–135

Ancestry

Descendants

Lady Florence Dixie's eldest son, George Douglas Dixie (18 January 1876 – 25 December 1948) served in the Royal Navy as a midshipman and was commissioned into the King's Own Scottish Borderers in 1895. On 26 November 1914, he was promoted a temporary captain in the 5th Battalion the KOSB. He married Margaret Lindsay, daughter of Sir Alexander Jardine, 8th Baronet, and in 1924 succeeded to his father's title and was known as Sir Douglas Dixie, 12th Baronet.

When he died in 1948, Sir Douglas was succeeded by his son, Sir (Alexander Archibald Douglas) Wolstan Dixie, 13th and last Baronet (8 January 1910 – 28 December 1975). The 13th Bt. married Dorothy Penelope King-Kirkman in 1950, as his second wife. They had two daughters; 1) Eleanor Barbara Lindsay; and 2) Caroline Mary Jane. Both daughters have issue.''Dixie, Sir (Alexander Archibald Douglas) Wolstan'', in ''Who Was Who 1971–1980'' (London, A. & C. Black, 1989 reprint, )

References

*Adler, Michelle, ''Skirting the Edges of Civilisation: British Women Travellers and Travel Writers in South Africa, 1797–1899'' (PhD dissertation, University of London, 1996)
*Adler, Michelle, "Skirting the Edges of Civilsation: Two Victorian Women Travellers and 'Colonial Spaces' in South Africa" (about Lady Florence Dixie and Sarah Heckford) in Darian-Smith, Kate, Gunner, Liz and Nuttall, Sarah (eds.) ''Text, Theory, Space: Land, Literature and History in South Africa and Australia'' (London & New York: Routledge, 1996) pp. 83–98
*Anderson, Monica, "Role-Play and Florence Dixie's 'In the Land of Misfortune'" in ''Women and the Politics of Travel, 1870–1914'' (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2006, ) pp 119–154
*Czech, Kenneth P., ''With Rifle and Petticoat: Women as Big Game Hunter'' (New York, Derrydale Press, 2002, 189 pp)
*Frawley, Maria H., ''A Wider Range: Travel Writing by Women in Victorian England'' (PhD. dissertation, University of Delaware, Newark, 1991, 334 pp)
*Frawley, Maria H., ''A Wider Range: Travel Writing by Women in Victorian England'' (Rutherford, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press and London: Associated University Presses, 1994, 237 pp)
*Qingyun Wu, "The Discourse of Impersonation: The Destiny of the Next Life and Gloriana; or, The Revolution of 1900", paper presented to the Pennsylvania Foreign Language Conference, Duquesne University, 16–18 September 1988
*Roberts, Brian, ''Ladies in the Veld'', especially chapter entitled "The Lady and the King: Lady Florence Dixie" (London: John Murray, 1965) pp. 75–181
*Stevenson, Catherine B., "The Depiction of the Zulu in the Travel Writing of Florence Dixie", paper presented at the 1980 African Studies Association Conference, 15–18 October 1980, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (New Brunswick, New Jersey: ASA, Rutgers University, 198
*Stevenson, Catherine B., ''Victorian Women Travel Writers in Africa'' (Boston: Twayne, 1982, 184 pp.)
*Stevenson, Catherine B., "Female Anger and African Politics: The Case of Two Victorian Lady Travellers" in ''Turn of the Century Women'' Volume 2, 1985, pp 7–17
*Tinling, Marion, "Lady Florence Dixie, 1855–1905" in ''Women Into the Unknown: A Sourcebook on Women Explorers and Travelers'' (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1989)
*
*

Notes

External links

*
*
*
''Gloriana''
(1890), University of Pennsylvania digital library (full text)

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