Flora (publication)

A Flora is a book or other work which describes the plant species occurring in an area or time period, often with the aim of allowing identification. The term is usually capitalized to distinguish it from the use of "flora" to mean the plants rather than their descriptions. Some classic and modern Floras are listed below.

Traditionally Floras are books, but some are now published on CD-ROM or websites. The area that a Flora covers can be either geographically or politically defined. Floras usually require some specialist botanical knowledge to use with any effectiveness.

A Flora often contains diagnostic keys. Often these are ''dichotomous'' keys, which require the user to repeatedly examine a plant, and decide which one of two alternatives given in the Flora best applies to the plant.

Floras produced at a local or regional level rarely contain identification keys. Instead they aim to impart more detailed understanding of the local status and distribution of that area's plants. Maps showing species distribution may be included, and nowadays are computer-generated from biological databases. Specific reference may be made to new arrivals and historic records in order to impart understanding of the changes in an area's vegetation over time.

Classic Floras

;Europe
* '' Sylva Hercynia'', Johannes Thal. Germany 1588
* '' Hortus Lusatiae'', Johannes Franke. Germany 1594
* '' Stirpium et fossilium Silesiae Catalogus'', Caspar Schwenckfeldt. Germany 1600
* '' Flora Jenensis'', Heinrich Bernhard Rupp Germany, 1718.
* ''Flora Suecica'', Carl Linnaeus. 1745.
* '' Flora Londinensis'', William Curtis. England 1777–1798
* Deutschlands_Flora_in_Abbildungen, Johann Georg Sturm. Germany 1796
* '' Flora Graeca'', John Sibthorp. (England) 1806–1840
* '' Flora Danica'', Simon Paulli. Denmark, 1847.

Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz
Otto Wilhelm Thomé. Germany 1886

Atlas des plantes de France
Amédée_Masclef. France 1891

Bilder ur Nordens Flora
Carl Axel Magnus Lindman. Sweden 1901-1905

;
;India
* ''Hortus indicus malabaricus'', Hendrik van Rheede 1683–1703

;Indonesia
* ''Flora Javae'', Carl Ludwig Blume and Joanne Baptista Fischer. 1828.

;North America

''Flora americae septentrionalis; or A Systematic Arrangement and Description of The Plants of North America''
Frederick Pursh. (London) 1814.

Modern Floras

Americas

;Caribbean
* Britton, N. L., and Percy Wilson. ''Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands — Volume V, Part 1: Botany of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands: Pandanales to Thymeleales''. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1924.

;Central & South America
''Flora Brasiliensis''''Flora of São Paulo'' in Brazil

''Flora of Chile''
*
Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica
'
''Flora of Ecuador''
*''Flora of Guatemala''
*
Flora de Nicaragua
'

*''Flora of the Guianas''
*''Flora of Panama''

*''Flora of Suriname''
*'' Flora Mesoamericana'' (1994-ongoing
Introduction''Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana''
*''Flora Neotropica'' (1968-ongoing

.

;North America
''Flora of North America''
* Weakley, Alan S. and Southeastern Flora Team
Flora of the Southeastern United States
2025.
* Kearney, Thomas H. ''Arizona Flora''. University of California Press, 1940.
*Hickman, James C., editor. ''The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California''. University of California Press, 1993.
*Hultén, Eric. ''Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories: A Manual of the Vascular Plants''. Stanford University Press, 1968.
*Radford, Albert E. ''Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas''. University of North Carolina Press, 1968.
* Wilhelm, G. and L. Rericha. ''Flora of the Chicago Region: A Floristic and Ecological Synthesis''. Indiana Academy of Science, 2017.
*Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. ''Flora of the Pacific Northwest''. University of Washington Press, 1973, 2018 (2nd edition). ; it is a compressed version of Hitchcock and Cronquist, ''Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest'', University of Washington Press, 1955-1969 (5 volumes)
*Cronquist, Arthur, Noel H. Holmgren, Patricia K. Holmgren, James L. Reveal and Rupert C. Barneby. ''Intermountain flora; vascular plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A.'', New York Botanical Garden, 1972–2017 (9 volumes)
*Chadde, Steve W.. ''A Great Lakes Wetland Flora''. 2nd ed. Pocketflora Press, 2002.
*Strausbaugh, P. D. and E. L. Core. ''Flora of West Virginia''. 2nd ed. Seneca Books Inc., 1964.
*Rhoads, A. F. and T. A Block. ''The Plants of Pennsylvania''. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000.
* Britton, N. L. and Hon. A. Brown. ''An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada''. In three volumes. Dover Publications, 1913, 1970.
* Stone, W.br>Plants of Southern New Jersey. Annual Report of the State Museum of New Jersey'', 1910.

Asia

;China and Japan

''Flora of China''

''Flora of China in eFloras''


;Southeast Asia
* '' Flora of Thailand'
''Flora of Thailand''
* ''Florae Siamensis Enumeratio''
* '' Flora Malesiana'' (1984-ongoing
About ''Flora Malesiana''
.
* ''Flora of the Malay Peninsula''
* '' Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viêtnam''
;Indian region and Sri Lanka

''Flora of Bhutan''
* Flora of the Presidency of Madras by J.S. Gamble (1915–36)

''Flora of Nepal''
* Bengal Plants by D. Prain (1903)
* Flora of the upper Gangetic plains by J. F. Duthie (1903–29)
* Botany of Bihar and Orissa by H.H. Haines (1921–25)
* Flora of British India (1872–1897) by Sir J.D. Hooker
;Middle East and western Asia
* Flora of Turkey
* Flora Iranica
* Flora Palaestina:
** M. Zohary (1966). Flora Palaestina part 1.
** M. Zohary (1972). Flora Palaestina part 2.
** N. Feinbrun (1978). Flora Palaestina part 3.
** N. Feinbrun (1986). Flora Palaestina part 4.
** A. Danin, (2004). Distribution Atlas of Plants in the Flora Palaestina Area (Flora Palaestina part 5).
** Online updates: https://web.archive.org/web/20070828033350/http://flora.huji.ac.il/browse.asp?lang=en&action=showfile&fileid=14005

Australasia

* '' Flora of Australia''
*''Flora of New Zealand'' series:
**Allan, H.H. 1961, reprinted 1982. ''Flora of New Zealand. Volume I: Indigenous Tracheophyta - Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledons.'' .
**Moore, L.B.; Edgar, E. 1970, reprinted 1976. ''Flora of New Zealand. Volume II: Indigenous Tracheophyta - Monocotyledons except Graminae.'' .
**Healy, A.J.; Edgar, E. 1980. ''Flora of New Zealand Volume III. Adventive Cyperaceous, Petalous & Spathaceous Monocotyledons''. .
**Webb, C.J.; Sykes, W.R.; Garnock-Jones, P.J. 1988. ''Flora of New Zealand Volume IV: Naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons.'' .
**Edgar, E.; Connor, H.E. 2000. ''Flora of New Zealand Volume V: Grasses.'' .
**Volumes I-V
First electronic edition
Landcare Research, June 2004. Transcribed by A.D. Wilton and I.M.L. Andres.
*Galloway, D.J. 1985. ''Flora of New Zealand: Lichens.'' .
*Croasdale, H.; Flint, E.A. 1986. ''Flora of New Zealand: Desmids. Volume I.'' .
*Croasdale, H.; Flint, E.A. 1988. ''Flora of New Zealand: Desmids. Volume II.'' .
*Croasdale, H.; Flint, E.A.; Racine, M.M. 1994. ''Flora of New Zealand: Desmids. Volume III.'' .
*Sykes, W.R.; West, C.J.; Beever, J.E.; Fife, A.J. 2000. ''Kermadec Islands Flora - Special Edition''. .

Pacific Islands

* ''Flora Vitiensis Nova, a New Flora of Fiji''
* ''Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai‘i'', Warren L. Wagner and Derral R. Herbst (1991) + suppl

* '' Flore de la Nouvelle-Calédonie'' (New Caledonia
* ''Flore de la Polynésie Française'' (J. Florence, vol. 1 & 2, 1997 & 2004)

Europe

;British Isles
* Bowen, Humphry. ''The Flora of Berkshire''. Oxford: Holywell Press, 1968. .
* Morton, Osbourne. ''Marine Algae of Northern Ireland.'' Belfast: Ulster Museum, 1994.
* Stace, Clive Anthony, and Hilli Thompson ( illustrator). ''A New Flora of the British Isles''. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 1997. .
* Beesley, S. and J. Wilde. ''Urban Flora of Belfast''. Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies, Queen's University of Belfast, 1997.
* Killick, John, Roy Perry and Stan Woodell. ''Flora of Oxfordshire''. Pisces Publications, 1998. .
* Bowen, Humphry. ''The Flora of Dorset''. Pisces Publications, 2000. .
* Milliken, William and Sam Bridgewater. ''Flora Celtica – Plants and people in Celtic Europe''. Birlinn, 200

. Paperback edition, 2013. .

;Rest of Europe
* Flora Europaea at the site of The Royal Botanical Gardens of Edinburg
Flora Europaea

Flora of Europe
* Flora Gallica, published by Société Botanique de France

Flora iberica




Flora Danica
* Flora of Romania
* (Norwegian flora)

Africa and Madagascar

* Flore du Gabon
* Flore du Cameroun
* Flora of Tropical Africa
* Flora of Tropical East Africa
* Flora of West Tropical Africa
* Flore de la Côte d'Ivoire
* Flora Capensis
* '' Flora Zambesiaca''
* Flora of South Africa
* Flore du Rwanda
* Flore de Madagascar et des Comores
Flore pratique du Maroc

References

See also

* List of electronic floras

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