A Flora is a

book A book is a structured presentation of recorded information, primarily verbal and graphical, through a medium. Originally physical, electronic books and audiobooks are now existent. Physical books are objects that contain printed material, ...

or other work which describes the

plant Plants are the eukaryotes that form the Kingdom (biology), kingdom Plantae; they are predominantly Photosynthesis, photosynthetic. This means that they obtain their energy from sunlight, using chloroplasts derived from endosymbiosis with c ...

species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...

occurring in an area or time period, often with the aim of allowing identification. The term is usually capitalized to distinguish it from the use of "

flora Flora (: floras or florae) is all the plant life present in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring (indigenous (ecology), indigenous) native plant, native plants. The corresponding term for animals is ''fauna'', and for f ...

" to mean the plants rather than their descriptions. Some classic and modern Floras are listed below. Traditionally Floras are books, but some are now published on

CD-ROM A CD-ROM (, compact disc read-only memory) is a type of read-only memory consisting of a pre-pressed optical compact disc that contains computer data storage, data computers can read, but not write or erase. Some CDs, called enhanced CDs, hold b ...

website A website (also written as a web site) is any web page whose content is identified by a common domain name and is published on at least one web server. Websites are typically dedicated to a particular topic or purpose, such as news, educatio ...

s. The area that a Flora covers can be either geographically or politically defined. Floras usually require some specialist botanical knowledge to use with any effectiveness. A Flora often contains diagnostic keys. Often these are ''dichotomous'' keys, which require the user to repeatedly examine a plant, and decide which one of two alternatives given in the Flora best applies to the plant. Floras produced at a local or regional level rarely contain identification keys. Instead they aim to impart more detailed understanding of the local status and distribution of that area's plants. Maps showing species distribution may be included, and nowadays are computer-generated from biological databases. Specific reference may be made to new arrivals and historic records in order to impart understanding of the changes in an area's vegetation over time.

Classic Floras

;Europe * '' Sylva Hercynia'', Johannes Thal.

Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...

1588 * '' Hortus Lusatiae'', Johannes Franke.

1594 * '' Stirpium et fossilium Silesiae Catalogus'', Caspar Schwenckfeldt.

1600 * '' Flora Jenensis'', Heinrich Bernhard Rupp

, 1718. * ''Flora Suecica'',

Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...

. 1745. * '' Flora Londinensis'', William Curtis.

England England is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is located on the island of Great Britain, of which it covers about 62%, and List of islands of England, more than 100 smaller adjacent islands. It ...

1777–1798 * Deutschlands_Flora_in_Abbildungen, Johann Georg Sturm. Germany 1796 * '' Flora Graeca'', John Sibthorp. (England) 1806–1840 * '' Flora Danica'', Simon Paulli.

Denmark Denmark is a Nordic countries, Nordic country in Northern Europe. It is the metropole and most populous constituent of the Kingdom of Denmark,, . also known as the Danish Realm, a constitutionally unitary state that includes the Autonomous a ...

, 1847.
Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz
Otto Wilhelm Thomé. Germany 1886
Atlas des plantes de France
Amédée_Masclef. France 1891
Bilder ur Nordens Flora
Carl Axel Magnus Lindman. Sweden 1901-1905 ; ;India * ''Hortus indicus malabaricus'', Hendrik van Rheede 1683–1703 ;Indonesia * ''Flora Javae'',

Carl Ludwig Blume Charles Ludwig de Blume or Karl Ludwig von Blume (9 June 1796 – 3 February 1862) was a German-Dutch botanist and entomologist who spent most of his professional life in the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies. As deputy director of agricul ...

and Joanne Baptista Fischer. 1828. ;North America
''Flora americae septentrionalis; or A Systematic Arrangement and Description of The Plants of North America''
Frederick Pursh. (London) 1814.

Modern Floras

Americas

;Caribbean * Britton, N. L., and Percy Wilson. ''Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands — Volume V, Part 1: Botany of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands: Pandanales to Thymeleales''. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1924. ;Central & South America
''Flora Brasiliensis''''Flora of São Paulo'' in Brazil

''Flora of Chile''
*
Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica
'
''Flora of Ecuador''
*''Flora of Guatemala'' *
Flora de Nicaragua
'

*''Flora of the Guianas'' *''Flora of Panama''

*''Flora of Suriname'' *'' Flora Mesoamericana'' (1994-ongoing
Introduction''Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana''
*''Flora Neotropica'' (1968-ongoing

. ;North America
''Flora of North America''
* Weakley, Alan S. and Southeastern Flora Team
Flora of the Southeastern United States
2025. * Kearney, Thomas H. ''Arizona Flora''. University of California Press, 1940. *Hickman, James C., editor. ''The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California''. University of California Press, 1993. *Hultén, Eric. ''Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories: A Manual of the Vascular Plants''. Stanford University Press, 1968. *Radford, Albert E. ''Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas''. University of North Carolina Press, 1968. * Wilhelm, G. and L. Rericha. ''Flora of the Chicago Region: A Floristic and Ecological Synthesis''. Indiana Academy of Science, 2017. *Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. ''Flora of the Pacific Northwest''. University of Washington Press, 1973, 2018 (2nd edition). ; it is a compressed version of Hitchcock and Cronquist, ''Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest'', University of Washington Press, 1955-1969 (5 volumes) *Cronquist, Arthur, Noel H. Holmgren, Patricia K. Holmgren, James L. Reveal and Rupert C. Barneby. ''Intermountain flora; vascular plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A.'', New York Botanical Garden, 1972–2017 (9 volumes) *Chadde, Steve W.. ''A Great Lakes Wetland Flora''. 2nd ed. Pocketflora Press, 2002. *Strausbaugh, P. D. and E. L. Core. ''Flora of West Virginia''. 2nd ed. Seneca Books Inc., 1964. *Rhoads, A. F. and T. A Block. ''The Plants of Pennsylvania''.

University of Pennsylvania The University of Pennsylvania (Penn or UPenn) is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. One of nine colonial colleges, it was chartered in 1755 through the efforts of f ...

Press, 2000. * Britton, N. L. and Hon. A. Brown. ''An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada''. In three volumes. Dover Publications, 1913, 1970. * Stone, W.br>Plants of Southern New Jersey. Annual Report of the State Museum of New Jersey'', 1910.

Asia

;China and Japan
''Flora of China''

''Flora of China in eFloras''

;Southeast Asia * '' Flora of Thailand'
''Flora of Thailand''
* ''Florae Siamensis Enumeratio'' * '' Flora Malesiana'' (1984-ongoing
About ''Flora Malesiana''
. * ''Flora of the Malay Peninsula'' * '' Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viêtnam'' ;Indian region and Sri Lanka
''Flora of Bhutan''
* Flora of the Presidency of Madras by J.S. Gamble (1915–36)
''Flora of Nepal''
* Bengal Plants by D. Prain (1903) * Flora of the upper Gangetic plains by J. F. Duthie (1903–29) * Botany of Bihar and Orissa by H.H. Haines (1921–25) * Flora of British India (1872–1897) by Sir J.D. Hooker ;Middle East and western Asia * Flora of Turkey * Flora Iranica * Flora Palaestina: ** M. Zohary (1966). Flora Palaestina part 1. ** M. Zohary (1972). Flora Palaestina part 2. ** N. Feinbrun (1978). Flora Palaestina part 3. ** N. Feinbrun (1986). Flora Palaestina part 4. ** A. Danin, (2004). Distribution Atlas of Plants in the Flora Palaestina Area (Flora Palaestina part 5). ** Online updates: https://web.archive.org/web/20070828033350/http://flora.huji.ac.il/browse.asp?lang=en&action=showfile&fileid=14005

Australasia

* '' Flora of Australia'' *''Flora of New Zealand'' series: **Allan, H.H. 1961, reprinted 1982. ''Flora of New Zealand. Volume I: Indigenous Tracheophyta - Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledons.'' . **Moore, L.B.; Edgar, E. 1970, reprinted 1976. ''Flora of New Zealand. Volume II: Indigenous Tracheophyta - Monocotyledons except Graminae.'' . **Healy, A.J.; Edgar, E. 1980. ''Flora of New Zealand Volume III. Adventive Cyperaceous, Petalous & Spathaceous Monocotyledons''. . **Webb, C.J.; Sykes, W.R.; Garnock-Jones, P.J. 1988. ''Flora of New Zealand Volume IV: Naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons.'' . **Edgar, E.; Connor, H.E. 2000. ''Flora of New Zealand Volume V: Grasses.'' . **Volumes I-V
First electronic edition
Landcare Research, June 2004. Transcribed by A.D. Wilton and I.M.L. Andres. *Galloway, D.J. 1985. ''Flora of New Zealand: Lichens.'' . *Croasdale, H.; Flint, E.A. 1986. ''Flora of New Zealand: Desmids. Volume I.'' . *Croasdale, H.; Flint, E.A. 1988. ''Flora of New Zealand: Desmids. Volume II.'' . *Croasdale, H.; Flint, E.A.; Racine, M.M. 1994. ''Flora of New Zealand: Desmids. Volume III.'' . *Sykes, W.R.; West, C.J.; Beever, J.E.; Fife, A.J. 2000. ''Kermadec Islands Flora - Special Edition''. .

Pacific Islands

* ''Flora Vitiensis Nova, a New Flora of Fiji'' * ''Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai‘i'', Warren L. Wagner and Derral R. Herbst (1991) + suppl

* '' Flore de la Nouvelle-Calédonie'' (

New Caledonia New Caledonia ( ; ) is a group of islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean, southwest of Vanuatu and east of Australia. Located from Metropolitan France, it forms a Overseas France#Sui generis collectivity, ''sui generis'' collectivity of t ...

* ''Flore de la Polynésie Française'' (J. Florence, vol. 1 & 2, 1997 & 2004)

Europe

;British Isles * Bowen, Humphry. ''The Flora of Berkshire''. Oxford: Holywell Press, 1968. . * Morton, Osbourne. ''Marine Algae of Northern Ireland.'' Belfast: Ulster Museum, 1994. * Stace, Clive Anthony, and Hilli Thompson ( illustrator). ''A New Flora of the British Isles''. 2nd ed.

Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press was the university press of the University of Cambridge. Granted a letters patent by King Henry VIII in 1534, it was the oldest university press in the world. Cambridge University Press merged with Cambridge Assessme ...

, 1997. . * Beesley, S. and J. Wilde. ''Urban Flora of Belfast''.

Belfast Belfast (, , , ; from ) is the capital city and principal port of Northern Ireland, standing on the banks of the River Lagan and connected to the open sea through Belfast Lough and the North Channel (Great Britain and Ireland), North Channel ...

: Institute of Irish Studies, Queen's University of Belfast, 1997. * Killick, John, Roy Perry and Stan Woodell. ''Flora of Oxfordshire''. Pisces Publications, 1998. . * Bowen, Humphry. ''The Flora of Dorset''. Pisces Publications, 2000. . * Milliken, William and Sam Bridgewater. ''Flora Celtica – Plants and people in Celtic Europe''. Birlinn, 200

. Paperback edition, 2013. . ;Rest of Europe * Flora Europaea at the site of The Royal Botanical Gardens of Edinburg
Flora Europaea

Flora of Europe
* Flora Gallica, published by Société Botanique de France
Flora iberica

Flora Danica
* Flora of Romania * (Norwegian flora)

Africa and Madagascar

* Flore du Gabon * Flore du Cameroun * Flora of Tropical Africa * Flora of Tropical East Africa * Flora of West Tropical Africa * Flore de la Côte d'Ivoire * Flora Capensis * '' Flora Zambesiaca'' * Flora of South Africa * Flore du Rwanda * Flore de Madagascar et des Comores
Flore pratique du Maroc