Flageolet

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The flageolet is a woodwind instrument and a member of the family of duct flutes that includes recorders and tin whistles. There are two basic forms of the instrument: the French, having four finger holes on the front and two thumb holes on the back; and the English, having six finger holes on the front and sometimes a single thumb hole on the back. The latter was developed by English instrument maker William Bainbridge, resulting in the "improved English flageolet" in 1803. There are also double and triple flageolets, having two or three bodies that allowed for a drone and countermelody. Flageolets were made until the 19th century.

Etymology

Flageolet means "little flute". The name is the diminutive form of the Old French word ''flajol'' (flute). In Provençal dialect, flute is ''flaujol'' or ''flautol''.

History

Flageolets have varied greatly during the last 400 years. The first flageolets were called "French flageolets", and have four tone-holes on the front and two on the back. An early collection of manuscript ''Lessons for the Flajolet'', dating from about 1676, is preserved in the British Library. Small versions of this instrument, called bird flageolets, were also made and were used for teaching birds to sing. These tiny flageolets have, like the French flageolet, four finger holes on the front and two thumb holes on the back. Its invention is often ascribed to the 16th-century French nobility, Sieur Juvigny in 1581.Pascual, Beryl Kenyon de, and William Waterhouse. "Flageolet." ''Grove Music Online''. 2001. Oxford University Press. It is possible Juvigny refined an earlier design, or was simply a flageolet player.

The number of keys on French flageolets ranges from none to seven, the exception being the Boehm system French flageolet made by Buffet Crampon which had eight keys and five rings.MacMillan, Douglas. “The Flageolet: A Woodwind Instrument That Transcended Social Class and Gender in Nineteenth-Century England.” ''Nineteenth-Century Music Review'' 18.3 (2021): 475–498. The arrangement of the tone holes on the flageolet yields a scale different from that on the whistle or recorder. The flageolet's basic scale is D-E-F-G-A-B-C-d. Cross-fingerings and keys are required to play a major scale.MacMillan, Douglas. ''The Flageolet in England, 1660-1914''. Boydell & Brewer, 2020.

English

In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, certain English instrument makers, most notably William Bainbridge, started to make flageolets with six finger-holes on the front. These instruments are called "English flageolets" and were eventually produced in metal as tin whistles. The keys number between none and six. Some were produced with changeable top joints which allowed the flageolet to be played as a flute or fife.

Double

In 1805 William Bainbridge made a double flageolet out of one piece of wood.Waterhouse, William. “The Double Flageolet - Made in England.” ''The Galpin Society Journa''l, vol. 52, 1999. In December 1805 his rival Thomas Scott was granted a patent for "an instrument on the flageolette principle, so constructed as a single instrument that two parts of a musical composition can be played thereon at the same time by one person". With the blind organist John Purkis, the Scott & Purkis partnership was formed to manufacture the new instruments, and a tutorial book was published. Bainbridge patented a traverse flageolet in 1807 and a double flute-flageolet in 1819. In the 1820s, he created a triple flageolet. The third pipe relies on the thumb to finger in an ocarina pattern.

Design

The mouthpiece of the initial French design resembled that of a recorder. A later design placed an elongated windcap around the entrance to the duct and became the standard for the English instrument. The mouthpiece was a flat bit of ivory or bone. The chamber inside the windcap was intended to collect moisture and prevent it from entering the duct, employing differing devices for that purpose.

The stream of air passing through the duct crosses the window and is split by the labium (also lip or edge) giving rise to a musical sound. The body (or bodies, in a double or triple flageolet) contains the finger holes and keys. The windcap is not essential to the sound production and the instrument can be played by blowing directly into the duct as in the initial recorder-type design.

The flageolet was eventually entirely replaced by the tin whistle and is rarely played today. However, it is a very easy instrument to play and the tone is soft and gentle. It has a range of about two octaves.

Usage

Hector Berlioz, Frédéric Chalon, Samuel Pepys, and Robert Louis Stevenson all played flageolets. Henry Purcell and George Frideric Handel composed for it. Some of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's piccolo parts were originally played on flageolet.

Other Uses

The instrument's soft, high tone gave rise to the usage of "flageolet" as a term for harmonics in other instruments, particularly strings and the flute. The German term for string harmonics is ''Flageolet/Flageolettöne''. Soft flute harmonics are sometimes referred to as "flageolet tone". In the second part of ''The Rite of Spring'', Igor Stravinsky marks an extended flute passage "Flag." which requires the three players to use harmonics. Baines, Anthony.
Woodwind instruments and their history
'. Faber and Faber, 1977.

In the 16th century, French organs began to use a 1' pipe labeled "flageolet". It became a less common organ stop in the late 17th century. In American organs, flageolet stops are often 2'.Flageolet
, ''The New Harvard Dictionary of Music''. Edited by Don Randel. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1986. 430–1.

See also

* Three-hole pipe
* Shvi

References

External links

*
How Sweet in the Woodlands
performed on double flageolet by Darcy Kuronen. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

Flageolets.com
— a site devoted to the flageolet

leflageoletfrancais.com
— a French-language blog devoted to the French flageolet

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Fipple flutes
French musical instruments
English musical instruments