Fiery Serpents
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The Fiery Serpent (, , ; ) is an evil spirit in Slavic folklore.


Nomenclature

In Russia, the ''ognennyi zmei'' is also known as the (, 'serpent-lyubak'), (, 'raider'), (, 'raid'), (, 'flyer'), or (, 'flying one'). Also (, 'beckoner' <" 'to beckon') or (, 'charmer'). In Ukraine, the (, 'tempter, seducer'; var. ), aka (), is a demon in the form of a fiery snake (meteor) that flies towards women. It is also called (, 'flying one'), (, 'flyer'), (, 'raid'), or (, 'raider'). The pan-Slavic "fiery serpent" has been termed ' () in Ukrainian. The Belarus form is () for "flying serpent". In the Serbian epic ballads, it is referred to as the ''ognyanik'', or "fiery dragon". The Polish cognate is , ('the flying one') which is associated with the wind.


Description

Demons took on various shapes, and the Fiery Serpent of the East and West Slavs, as well as the Flying Serpent (Russian: ; ) of the Southern Slavs appeared as serpents in air, and as humans on ground. In East Slavic tradition, the Fiery Serpent generally resembles a fiery shaft (a "fiery
carrying pole A carrying pole, also called a shoulder pole or a milkmaid's yoke, is a yoke of wood or bamboo, used by people to carry a load. This piece of equipment is used in one of two basic ways: *A single person balances the yoke over one shoulder, with ...
", Russian: ), a flaming
broom A broom (also known as a broomstick) is a cleaning tool, consisting of usually stiff fibers (often made of materials such as plastic, hair, or corn husks) attached to, and roughly parallel to, a cylindrical handle, the broomstick. It is thus a ...
, or a glowing ball of blue fire. It releases sparks during its flight and enters (the woman's) house through the
chimney A chimney is an architectural ventilation structure made of masonry, clay or metal that isolates hot toxic exhaust gases or smoke produced by a boiler, stove, furnace, incinerator, or fireplace from human living areas. Chimneys are typical ...
. The serpent may bring gifts, but those gifts turn to horse
manure Manure is organic matter that is used as organic fertilizer in agriculture. Most manure consists of animal feces; other sources include compost and green manure. Manures contribute to the fertility of soil by adding organic matter and nut ...
at sunrise (Russian, west-Ukrainian). The
evil spirit Evil, as a concept, is usually defined as profoundly immoral behavior, and it is related to acts that cause unnecessary pain and suffering to others. Evil is commonly seen as the opposite, or sometimes absence, of good. It can be an extremely ...
reputedly visits the woman at night-time (this may be a literary convention. cf. Fet's poem, ). Women who were widowed, or separated from her husband was particularly vulnerable to having affairs with this certain type of devil, because the devil will assume the shape of the dead or absentee husband. In their
grief Grief is the response to the loss of something deemed important, particularly to the death of a person to whom or animal to which a Human bonding, bond or affection was formed. Although conventionally focused on the emotional response to loss, ...
, and their desperation to be rejoined with their lost love, women do not recognize the serpent and become convinced that their
love Love is a feeling of strong attraction and emotional attachment (psychology), attachment to a person, animal, or thing. It is expressed in many forms, encompassing a range of strong and positive emotional and mental states, from the most su ...
r has returned. It is told that those who are visited by the serpent experience
weight loss Weight loss, in the context of medicine, health, or physical fitness, refers to a reduction of the total body mass, by a mean loss of fluid, body fat (adipose tissue), or lean mass (namely bone mineral deposits, muscle, tendon, and other conn ...
, exhibit signs of
insanity Insanity, madness, lunacy, and craziness are behaviors caused by certain abnormal mental or behavioral patterns. Insanity can manifest as violations of societal norms, including a person or persons becoming a danger to themselves or to other ...
and eventually commit
suicide Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own death. Risk factors for suicide include mental disorders, physical disorders, and substance abuse. Some suicides are impulsive acts driven by stress (such as from financial or ac ...
, or wither and die. In addition, victims of the serpent often experience
hallucination A hallucination is a perception in the absence of an external stimulus that has the compelling sense of reality. They are distinguishable from several related phenomena, such as dreaming ( REM sleep), which does not involve wakefulness; pse ...
s, including visions of
supernatural Supernatural phenomena or entities are those beyond the Scientific law, laws of nature. The term is derived from Medieval Latin , from Latin 'above, beyond, outside of' + 'nature'. Although the corollary term "nature" has had multiple meanin ...
torment, such as suckling on breasts which excrete blood rather than milk. There are several ways to distinguish and identify the fiery serpent. Like any demon, it has no
spinal cord The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue that extends from the medulla oblongata in the lower brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column (backbone) of vertebrate animals. The center of the spinal c ...
(Russian). and a woman can test if it is the real husband by feeling for his spine. It cannot correctly
pronounce Pronunciation is the way in which a word or a language is spoken. To This may refer to generally agreed-upon sequences of sounds used in speaking a given word or all language in a specific dialect—"correct" or "standard" pronunciation—or si ...
sacred Christian names, and instead of "Jesus Christ" () the serpent may say "Sus Christ" (), or instead of (,
Mother of God ''Theotokos'' (Greek: ) is a title of Mary, mother of Jesus, used especially in Eastern Christianity. The usual Latin translations are or (approximately "parent (fem.) of God"). Familiar English translations are "Mother of God" or "God-bearer ...
) it can only say (). Other sources say the fiery serpent lacks the ability to hear and speak properly. And though the body may be human, it is multi-headed (
Voronezh Voronezh ( ; , ) is a city and the administrative centre of Voronezh Oblast in southwestern Russia straddling the Voronezh River, located from where it flows into the Don River. The city sits on the Southeastern Railway, which connects wes ...
, Ukraine). Superstition prescribes certain ways to ward against the devil, for example, the magical herb (possibly valerian), or a
decoction Decoction is a method of extraction by boiling herbal or plant material (which may include stems, roots, bark and rhizomes) to dissolve the chemicals of the material. It is the most common preparation method in various herbal medicine systems. D ...
of
burdock ''Arctium'' is a genus of biennial plants commonly known as burdock, family Asteraceae. Native to Europe and Asia, several species have been widely introduced worldwide. Burdock's clinging properties, in addition to providing an excellent mecha ...
or its root stuck on the wall may serve as amulet (Russia). Reading the
Psalter A psalter is a volume containing the Book of Psalms, often with other devotional material bound in as well, such as a liturgical calendar and litany of the Saints. Until the emergence of the book of hours in the Late Middle Ages, psalters were ...
in a house where the serpent has already visited may help; or making the sign of the cross at entry points, such as window, door or stovepipe. Mythology also tells that the Fiery Serpent had a son by a human woman, and she bore a werewolf (), the Fiery Serpent Wolf (; ). This son combatted and defeated his father. In Serbian epic literature, around the 15th century a mythical hero was transferred on to historical figures, namely, "Zmaj Ognjeni Vuk" ( "Vuk the Fire Serpent/Dragon"; Vuk means "wolf") became the double of
Vuk Grgurević Vuk Grgurević Branković ( sr-cyrl, Вук Гргуревић Бранковић; c. 1439 – 16 April 1485) was a Serbian nobleman who was the titular despot of Serbia from 1471 until his death in 1485. He inherited the title of '' despot'' (a ...
. Thus women can have the fiery serpent's children, and illegitimate births are still often explained as such devil spawn. If a woman conceives a child with such a devil, the pregnancy will be exceedingly long, and the child will be born with black skin, with
hooves The hoof (: hooves) is the tip of a toe of an ungulate mammal, which is covered and strengthened with a thick and horny keratin covering. Artiodactyls are even-toed ungulates, species whose feet have an even number of digits; the ruminants with ...
instead of feet, eyes without
eyelid An eyelid ( ) is a thin fold of skin that covers and protects an eye. The levator palpebrae superioris muscle retracts the eyelid, exposing the cornea to the outside, giving vision. This can be either voluntarily or involuntarily. "Palpebral ...
s and a cold body (Russia), or its body will be cold and jelly-like (East Ukraine). Such births are not viable, and the children die.


Egg lore

The wealth-bringing demon can be bred from an egg of a chicken (sometimes rooster, cf. below) aged 3, 5, 7, or 9, according to Slavic legend. In Russian, this demon is referred to as either ''ognennyi zmei'' ("fiery serpent") or () or perhaps just a serpent or "flying serpent". The creature that hatches is in the shape of a cat, according to Pavel Vasilievich Shejn, though it make take on the shape of either a cat, a train of fire, fire-sparks, or a young chicken according to a different source. At any rate, it transforms into a fiery streak at night to steal money, or grain for the house or landlady who hosts it, and in return it is expected to be fed
Scrambled eggs Scrambled eggs is a dish made from eggs (usually chicken eggs), where the whites and yolks have been stirred, whipped, or beaten together (typically with salt, butter or oil, and sometimes water or milk, or other ingredients), then heated so ...
or
omelette An omelette (sometimes omelet in American English; see spelling differences) is a dish made from eggs (usually chicken eggs), fried with butter or oil in a frying pan. It is a common practice for an omelette to include fillings such as chiv ...
s). In Belarus, it is said that an egg laid by a (black) rooster (unusually shaped, like a snail) must be carried in one's bosom for 1 to 7 years (var. under the armpit for 3 years) for the small flying serpent to hatch. The Belarussian flying serpent is also referred to as in ''kletnik'' (. cf. ) and favours
fried egg A fried egg is a cooked dish made from one or more eggs which are removed from their shells and placed into a frying pan and cooked. They are traditionally eaten for breakfast or brunch in many countries but may also be served at other times o ...
s or a scrambled eggs dish (; ) that is not overly salty.


Historic examples

An early sighting of the "fiery serpent" was recorded in a chronicle entry for the year 1092, which tells that the clouds darkened, and a great, three-headed snake with the heads aflame craned out of it, issuing fumes and noises, according to Ukraine writer . The year 1092 was one of calamaities in Kievan Russia and
Polotsk Polotsk () or Polatsk () is a town in Vitebsk Region, Belarus. It is situated on the Dvina River and serves as the administrative center of Polotsk District. Polotsk is served by Polotsk Airport and Borovitsy air base. As of 2025, it has a pop ...
in
Belarus Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Belarus spans an a ...
according to the
Primary Chronicle The ''Primary Chronicle'', shortened from the common ''Russian Primary Chronicle'' (, commonly transcribed ''Povest' vremennykh let'' (PVL), ), is a Rus' chronicle, chronicle of Kievan Rus' from about 850 to 1110. It is believed to have been or ...
. The preceding year, 1091, was also fraught with portents, such as the
solar eclipse A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby obscuring the view of the Sun from a small part of Earth, totally or partially. Such an alignment occurs approximately every six months, during the eclipse season i ...
. Vsevolod Yaroslavich during hunt near
Vyshgorod Vyshhorod (, ; ) is a city in Kyiv Oblast, central Ukraine, situated immediately north of the capital Kyiv, and part of the Kyiv metropolitan area. It is on the right (western) bank of the Dnieper river and, as the location of the Kyiv Hydroe ...
in 1091, witnessed a dragon-meteorite falling from the sky, as illustrated in the ''
Radziwiłł Chronicle The ''Radziwiłł Chronicle'', also known as the ''Königsberg Chronicle'', is a collection of illuminated manuscripts from the 15th-century; it is believed to be a copy of a 13th-century original. Its name is derived from the Radziwiłł family ...
'' copy of the ''Primary Chronicle'' (Cf. fig. at top), which has been recognized as an instance of a "fiery dragon" sighting.


The origin of the image

The association of shooting stars,
bolide A bolide is normally taken to mean an exceptionally bright meteor, but the term is subject to more than one definition, according to context. It may refer to any large Impact crater, crater-forming body, or to one that explodes in the atmosphere. ...
s, and comets, with the fiery serpent is pan-Slavic (cf. , ), including Belarus, and association with bolides, meteorites and such heavenly stones among the East Slavs is not unique to that region. According to Russian folk belief (around Tula), when the archangel
Michael Michael may refer to: People * Michael (given name), a given name * he He ..., a given name * Michael (surname), including a list of people with the surname Michael Given name * Michael (bishop elect)">Michael (surname)">he He ..., a given nam ...
cast down the
fallen angel Fallen angels are angels who were expelled from Heaven. The literal term "fallen angel" does not appear in any Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic religious texts, but is used to describe angels cast out of heaven. Such angels are often described ...
s, some of these devils evaded falling down to earth, and remained flying in the atmosphere in the form of fiery serpents.


Russia

One story recounts how the flying serpent had an affair with a certain woman, but would remove his wings and tuck them under the roof, before entering her house and making his dalliances. A gypsy (''cygán'') noticed and hid the wings, compelling the serpent never to see the woman again (
Tula Governorate Tula Governorate () was an administrative-territorial unit ('' guberniya'') of the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR. The governate existed from 1796 to 1929; its seat was in the city of Tula. It was divided into 12 districts. The main towns w ...
). A legend about the ''letun'' ("flyer"), i.e. fiery dragon recorded in the old capital of
Pereslavl-Zalessky Pereslavl-Zalessky (, ), formerly known as Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, or simply Pereyaslavl, is a town in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, located on the main Moscow–Yaroslavl road and on the southeastern shore of Lake Pleshcheyevo at the mouth of the ...
, describes a woman who believed she was visited by her dead husband and wasted away. The family took measures to drive it out, hiring a woman to read the psalter, and awaiting in guard of the woman as it visited. The father-in-law's threat of strangulation kept it away. A shooting star in the
steppe In physical geography, a steppe () is an ecoregion characterized by grassland plains without closed forests except near rivers and lakes. Steppe biomes may include: * the montane grasslands and shrublands biome * the tropical and subtropica ...
s is considered a "fiery serpent" according to folk belief. An incident is recollected by , mine engineer and writer that when a meteor streaked the sky in the Siberian taiga, workers started shouting "''zmei'' (serpent)!" as the meteor was called ''ognennyi zmei'' colloquially, and the older men took them to be either a good or bad
omen An omen (also called ''portent'') is a phenomenon that is believed to foretell the future, often signifying the advent of change. It was commonly believed in ancient history, and still believed by some today, that omens bring divine messages ...
.


Ukraine

According to Eastern Ukrainian legends, whilst traveling, the fiery serpent strews beautiful
gift A gift or present is an item given to someone (who is not already the owner) without the expectation of payment or anything in return. Although gift-giving might involve an expectation of reciprocity, a gift is intended to be free. In many cou ...
s along the road to lure grieving women and
village A village is a human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town with a population typically ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand. Although villages are often located in rural areas, the term urban v ...
rs, including
bead A bead is a small, decorative object that is formed in a variety of shapes and sizes of a material such as stone, bone, shell, glass, plastic, wood, or pearl and with a small hole for threading or stringing. Beads range in size from under 1 ...
s, rings, belts/girdles and
handkerchief A handkerchief (; also called a hankie or, historically, a handkercher or a ) is a form of a kerchief or bandanna, typically a hemmed square of thin fabric which can be carried in the pocket or handbag for personal hygiene purposes such as w ...
s/ headscarves. If the woman then picks it up, the evil spirit will fly to her. In Ukraine, there is also the belief that the spirit of the dead husband turns into a ''perelesnyk'' and visits the bereaved wife, especially if the widow's yearning for him is strong, visiting his grave frequently, etc. But the ''perelesnyk'' is harmful, draining her by drinking blood, or suffocating her. He is difficult to eradicate, requiring the service of a (, soothsayer) with a spell or potion. (Cf. Legend of Russian ''letun'' above).


Belarus

The fiery "flying serpent"(; of Belarus exhibit two aspects, that of the wealth-bringing spirit and that of the "mythological lover" (i.e., mythological creature as lover). The fiery flying serpent of the house is also designated or (, from 'granary, pantry' where it is said to dwell). The Belarusian flying serpent likes to be fed
fried egg A fried egg is a cooked dish made from one or more eggs which are removed from their shells and placed into a frying pan and cooked. They are traditionally eaten for breakfast or brunch in many countries but may also be served at other times o ...
s or scrambled eggs (; ) that must not be overly salty, lest it anger the demon which will exact some form of retribution using fire. If someone is doing unusually well financially, others will quip about him that "the serpent brings him money" ().


Baltic parallels

The Estonian ''
kratt Kratt (or kratid in plural; also ''pisuhänd'', ''puuk'', ''tulihänd'', ''vedaja''), is a magical creature in old Estonian mythology, a treasure-bearer. A kratt was a creature formed from hay or of old household implements by its master, who t ...
'' manifests itself as a fiery being with a sparking tail (not a flying dragon ''per se''). But the ''kratt'' is only a halfway parallel with the two-faceted Belarusian described above, since the Estonian version fails to act as an ardent lover to human woman.; cf. (since the Estonian ''kratt'' is thus mostly a home helper spirit, the parallel is discussed somewhat at length under the article on the German
Schrat The ''Schrat'' () or ''Schratt'', also ''Schraz'' or ''Waldschrat'' (forest ''Schrat''), is a rather diverse German folklore, German and Slavic mythology, Slavic legendary creature with aspects of either a wild man, wood sprite, Household deity ...
, to which it is etymologically related.) Some commentators also see some parallel between the Belarus flying serpent, etc., with the Lithuanian ''
aitvaras Aitvaras is a nature spirit in Lithuanian mythology. It is also known by other names, such as Atvaras, Damavykas, Pūkis, Sparyžius, Koklikas, Gausinėlis, Žaltvikšas, and Spirukas, and is identical to the Latvian Pūķis. An Aitvaras look ...
'', which also brings riches, love to be fed egg dishes, and retributes using fire. But similar lore may be widespread simply due to the pan-European mythology of basilisks disseminated during medieval times, or perhaps somewhat later in the 16th century.


Serbia

In Serbia, a fire serpent is classed as a being in the "dragon-meteorite" category, which is generally benevolent and can mate with human females, but are also blamed for droughts when they overstay their welcome. It is also contended the Serbian epic ballads call it ''ognjanik'' or ''ognyanik'' (, which could mean 'fireworks'). This South Slavic ''ognyanik'' dwells in mountain caves, sometimes above the clouds. The dragon is covered in scales, and breathes fire, sometimes its mouth glinting like a flash of lightning. The ognyanik of legend has heroic prowess, hoards treasures, knows herbal lore including aphrodisiacs, charms women. There is Serbian epic song entitled "''Zmaj ognjeni i troglav Arapin'' (The fiery dragon and the three-headed Arab)".


Poland

The Polish version is ''latawiec'' ('the flying one') which was originally an air spirit that could conjure up winds, and regarded as a sort of bird with plumage, though the witch's endeared one is described as a hairy little man, also appearing in the guise of a serpent. There is conflation between the demon ''latawiec'' and the house sprite ''skrzat'' (cf.
Schrat The ''Schrat'' () or ''Schratt'', also ''Schraz'' or ''Waldschrat'' (forest ''Schrat''), is a rather diverse German folklore, German and Slavic mythology, Slavic legendary creature with aspects of either a wild man, wood sprite, Household deity ...
. The ''latawiec-skrzat'' demands milk ''
kasha In English, kasha usually refers to the pseudocereal buckwheat or its culinary preparations. In Slavic languages, "kasha" means porridge or puree. In some varieties of Eastern European cuisine, ''kasha'' can apply to any kind of cooked grain. I ...
'' () or porridge, but it must not be too hot or it will anger the spirit.


In literature

Myths about the fiery serpent are found in
Serbia , image_flag = Flag of Serbia.svg , national_motto = , image_coat = Coat of arms of Serbia.svg , national_anthem = () , image_map = , map_caption = Location of Serbia (gree ...
n epic songs as well as Russian '' byliny'', and
fairy tale A fairy tale (alternative names include fairytale, fairy story, household tale, magic tale, or wonder tale) is a short story that belongs to the folklore genre. Such stories typically feature magic, enchantments, and mythical or fanciful bei ...
s (''
skazka A Russian fairy tale or folktale (; ''skazka''; plural ) is a fairy tale in Russian culture. Various sub-genres of ''skazka'' exist. A ''volshebnaya skazka'' олше́бная ска́зка(literally "magical tale") is considered a magi ...
''). The term "fiery serpent" applied (sometimes) to the archetypal evil dragon dispatched by the dragon-slaying hero of ''bylina'', such as
Dobrynya Nikitich Dobrynya Nikitich () is one of the most popular bogatyrs (epic knights) from the " Kievan" series of Russian folklore based on bylina (epic songs) originating from the area around the capital of the Kievan Rus, Kiev. According to the bylinas, ...
. There has been recorded the spell or ''
zagovory (singular ) is a form of verbal folk magic in East Slavs, Eastern Slavic Slavic folklore, folklore and Slavic mythology, mythology. Users of use incantations to enchant objects or people. Etymology The present-day Russian language, Russian ...
'' () to protect a woman against the incursion of the flying serpent, and the lengthy recitation names the "fiery serpent". Another spell, for a military man going to war, also invokes the "fiery serpent". There is an incantation (Ukrainian: Замовляння, ) acting as a love charm, where the fire serpent is supposed to act as a magical creature which arouses a woman's passion. In ''
The Tale of Peter and Fevronia ''The Tale of Peter and Fevronia of Murom'' (, ''Povest o Petre i Fevronii Muromskikh'') is a 16th-century Russian tale by Hermolaus-Erasmus, often referred to as a hagiography. Plot summary Apanage prince Paul () is much disturbed as a guilefu ...
'' (16th century), this devil in serpent form flew to the wife of Prince Pavel, brother of Prince Peter of Murom. The image of a fiery serpent was described by the Russian poet Afanasy Afanasievich Fet in his ballad, (, "Serpent"), written in 1847, where a young widow is visited by a serpent from the night sky. The ''perelesnyk'' features in the play ''
The Forest Song ''The Forest Song'' (, ALA-LC romanization: ) is a poetic play in three acts by Lesya Ukrainka. The play was written in 1911 in the city of Kutaisi, and was first staged on 22 November 1918 at the Ivan Franko National Academic Drama Theater, Ky ...
'' (1911) by Ukrainian writer Lesia Ukrainka.


Explanatory notes


See also

* * * * * * * *


References


Citations


Bibliography

* * * * * {{refend Slavic weather deities
Dragons A dragon is a magical legendary creature that appears in the folklore of multiple cultures worldwide. Beliefs about dragons vary considerably through regions, but dragons in Western cultures since the High Middle Ages have often been depict ...
Russian mythology Ukrainian mythology Slavic demons Legendary serpents Fire in culture Fiction about meteoroids Incubi