Fierabras (from French: ', "brave/formidable arm") or Ferumbras is a fictional Saracen knight (sometimes of gigantic stature) appearing in several ''

chansons de geste The ''chanson de geste'' (, from Latin 'deeds, actions accomplished') is a medieval narrative, a type of epic poem that appears at the dawn of French literature. The earliest known poems of this genre date from the late 11th and early 12th cen ...

'' and other material relating to the

Matter of France The Matter of France, also known as the Carolingian cycle, is a body of literature and legendary material associated with the history of France, in particular involving Charlemagne and his associates. The cycle springs from the Old French '' chan ...

. He is the son of Balan, king of Spain, and is frequently shown in conflict with

Roland Roland (; frk, *Hrōþiland; lat-med, Hruodlandus or ''Rotholandus''; it, Orlando or ''Rolando''; died 15 August 778) was a Frankish military leader under Charlemagne who became one of the principal figures in the literary cycle known as the ...

and the Twelve Peers, especially Oliver, whose prowess he almost rivals. Fierabras eventually converts to Christianity and fights for Charlemagne.

Texts and adaptations

The oldest extant text of the story of Fierabras is a 12th-century (c. 1170) Old French ''chanson de geste'' of roughly 6,200 alexandrinesHasenohr in assonanced laisses. The story is as follows: the Saracen king Balan and his son Fierabras return to Spain after sacking the church of Saint Peter's in Rome and taking the relics of the passion. Charlemagne invades Spain to recover the relics and sends his knight Olivier de Vienne,

's companion, to battle Fierabras. Once defeated, the giant decides to convert to Christianity and joins Charlemagne's army, but Olivier and several other knights are captured. Floripas, Fierabras' sister, falls in love with one of Charlemagne's knights,

Gui de Bourgogne Pope Callixtus II or Callistus II ( – 13 December 1124), born Guy of Burgundy, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1 February 1119 to his death in 1124. His pontificate was shaped by the Investiture Controversy, ...

. After a series of adventures, Charlemagne kills king Balan, divides Spain between Fierabras and Gui de Bourgogne (who marries Floripas), and returns to Saint Denis with the holy relics. The poem also survives in an Occitan version dating from the 13th century (roughly 5,000 alexandrines; the first 600 verses do not appear in the Old French version). The Occitan and the Old French version may derive from a common lost source.Gerritsen. This version in turn inspired an Italian version (''Cantare di Fierabraccia e Ulivieri'') in the second half of the 14th century. Two English versions were made: ''Sir Ferumbras'' (late 14th or early 15th century) and ''Firumbras'' (fragmentary). A 15th-century English work, ''Sowdon of Babylon'', combined the story with another work (the ''Destruction de Rome'').Miquet, 18. The story was put into prose three times in the 14th and 15th centuries: * one anonymous version (14th century); in this version, among the various changes brought to the story, Fierabras is no longer depicted as a giant. * a

Burgundian Burgundian can refer to any of the following: *Someone or something from Burgundy. *Burgundians, an East Germanic tribe, who first appear in history in South East Europe. Later Burgundians colonised the area of Gaul that is now known as Burgundy (F ...

version (expanded with other material from the Matter of France and the history of Charlemagne: ''Chroniques et conquêtes de Charlemagne'') by David Aubert (c. 1456–8) * and, most importantly, a Swiss French version by Jean or Jehan Bagnyon, ''Le rommant de Fierabras le geant'' (Geneva, 1478,Tilly, 16. the first ''chanson de geste'' to be printed) which the author (like David Aubert) expanded with other material from the Matter of France and the history of Charlemagne (from 149

the title was ''La Conqueste du grand roy Charlemagne des Espagnes et les vaillances des douze pairs de France, et aussi celles de Fierabras''). The historical material in Bagnyon's text is largely based on the ''

Historia Caroli Magni ''Historia Caroli Magni'' (''History of the life of Charlemagne''), also known as ''Historia Karoli Magni et Rotholandi'' and sometimes as the ''Turpin Chronicle'' or the ''Pseudo-Turpin Chronicle'', is a 12th-century Latin forged chronicle of lege ...

'' (also known as the "Pseudo-Turpin" chronicle), probably known to Bagnyon via the ''Speculum Historiale'' of Vincent de Beauvais. The Bagnyon version became one of the most popular novels in France in the first half of the 16th century (15 editions printed to 1536) and was adapted into Castilian, Portuguese, German, and English (by William Caxton). In Spain the story can be found in the ''Historia del emperador Carlomagno y de los doce pares de Francia'' by Nicolás of Piemonte first edited in 1521. This is a Castilian translation—or better, an adaptation—of Bagnyon's ''La Conqueste du grand roy Charlemagne''. Miguel de Cervantes refers to Fierabras in his '' Don Quixote'' (see below). There also exist other versions of the legend, including one in Early Modern Irish (''Stair Fortibrais''). The 17th-century playwright Calderón de la Barca used elements of the story (the love affair of Floripas and Gui) for his play ''La Puente de Mantible''. In 1823, Franz Schubert wrote the opera '' Fierrabras'', based on certain tales surrounding the knight's conversion.

Historical sources

The story echoes the historical Arab raid against Rome in 846 in which Guy I of Spoleto (proposed as a source for "Gui de Bourgogne") participated, and critics have suggested that the existing "chanson" was based on a now lost poem describing the Sack of the Roman Basilicas ''extra muros''.Hasenohr The composition of the 12th-century poem may be closely linked to the cult of relics at the

Basilica of St Denis The Basilica of Saint-Denis (french: Basilique royale de Saint-Denis, links=no, now formally known as the ) is a large former medieval abbey church and present cathedral in the commune of Saint-Denis, a northern suburb of Paris. The building ...

in Paris and the creation of the local festival of Lendit, as the narrator in the Old French poem addresses himself to visitors at this fair.Hasenohr Another view is that the Legend is based on the character of the Navarrese prince, Fortun "the Basque" Al-Graseiz or El-Akraz, as seen by the Arab chroniclers and perhaps known as such by Shakespeare to bring it over to his exotic character Fortinbras. This is the tale that Robert the Bruce, King of Scots, is said by Barbour to have related to his men after they fled their enemies across Loch Lomond in 1307.

The balm of Fierabras

According to a chanson from 1170, Fierabras and Balan conquered Rome and stole two barrels containing the balm used for the corpse of Jesus. This miraculous balm would heal whoever drank it. In Chapter X of the first volume of Miguel de Cervantes' '' Don Quixote de la Mancha'', after one of his numerous beatings, Don Quixote mentions to Sancho Panza that he knows the recipe of the balm. In Chapter XVII, Don Quixote instructs Sancho that the ingredients are oil, wine, salt and rosemary. The knight boils them and blesses them with eighty Pater Nosters, and as many Ave Marias, Salves and Credos. Upon drinking it, Don Quixote vomits and sweats and feels healed after sleeping. For Sancho it has also a laxative effect, rendering him near death. The ingredients, gestures and signs used by the knight fashion what is called an ''ensalmo'', "a potion and prayer used to cure the sick in a way that was forbidden by the church." Indeed, it was used most frequently by ''moriscos''.

Frederick A. de Armas Frederick A. de Armas (born 1945) is a literary scholar, critic and novelist who is Robert O. Anderson Distinguished Service Professor in Humanities at the University of Chicago. Biography Frederick A. de Armas was born in Havana, Cuba on February ...

, ''Don Quixote Among the Saracens. A Clash of Civilizations and Literary Genres''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011, p. 83.

Notes

References

* Geneviève Hasenohr and Michel Zink, eds. ''Dictionnaire des lettres françaises: Le Moyen Age''. Collection: La Pochothèque. Paris: Fayard, 1992. Article "Fierabras", pp. 444–45. * Jean Miquet, ed. ''Fierabras: roman en prose de la fin du XIVe siècle.'' Ottawa: Editions de l'Université d'Ottawa, 1983. *Authur Tilly. ''Studies in the French Renaissance''. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1968. *Miguel de Cervantes. ''Don Quixote'', J. M. Cohen, trans., Penguin Books, 1950, 1988. *John Barbour. ''The Brus''. *Willem Pieter Gerritsen, Anthony G. Van Melle, Tanis Guest, eds. ''A Dictionary of Medieval Heroes: Characters in Medieval Narrative Traditions.'' Article: "Fierabras", pp. 103–05. Boydell Press, 2000.

External links