''Rerum repetitio''
The ritual of ''rerum repetitio'', a request of restitution or reparations, involved the ''pater patratus''. Wearing a woolen hair-band, he was to announce Roman demands using a series of prescribed phrases, first at the enemy's frontier, then when he passes over the borders, again to the first man he meets, again on entering the enemy's gate, and again on entering the forum in the presence of local magistrates. If the demands are not met, the ''pater patratus'' declares war within 33 days and returns to Rome to await the resolution of theEtymology
According to some scholars, the name derives from the noun root *''feti-'', which means 'foundation' and not 'stipulation'. It is allied to the basic religious concept of ''fas'', both being rooted in IE *''dh(e)s'', originally meaning 'to set, setting'. This root has given the verb ''facere'', 'to do, make' by a semantic shift. Both ''fetial'' and ''fas'' preserve the original sense of 'foundation' here, as in Vedic ''dhaman'', ''dhatu'' in its religious sense.Religious implications
The implications of this etymology would hint to the fact that outside their own ''ager'' Romans felt the need for a religious, founding justification of their actions as a people toward other ones. A need was felt to go beyond the sphere of human law or right. While juridical justification was acknowledged as necessary Romans wanted to ensure the approval of what founds right and makes it possible, the fas. This attitude is testified by the ceremonies held by the ''fetials'' that confer religious value to political decisions and specifications in their dealing with foreign nations, aimed at placing the gods on the side of Rome and hence effectively entrusting to them the fate of Rome.Details of the operative duties of the fetials
The ''sodalitas'' dispatched two of its members, of whom only one, called the ''pater patratus'', was active, while the other, called ''verbenarius'', was limited in function to accompanying the ''pater patratus'' with sacred herbs (''sagmina'' of vervain) gathered on the Capitolium. We know the ceremonies and formulae of two circumstances: (1) conclusion of a treaty and (2) request of reparations and declaration of war. In the first circumstance the ''pater patratus'' called bystanders and the gods to witness, staked the word of Rome, and vowed Rome to divine wrath if it should not abide by its word, asking for ''execratio''. Oaths were made by Jupiter Lapis (''per Iovem Lapidem''). The flintstone was believed to be a seat of Jupiter's because if struck it emitted sparks, thus being analogous to lightning. The ceremony has two known variants. In the first one the ''pater patratus'' hits a pig with flintstone taken from the temple of Jupiter Feretrius pronouncing the ''formula'' referred by Livy; in the second he throws the flintstone and vows Rome to fall as the stone itself if it should fail to abide by the oath. When Rome asked for reparations for an offense or damage, the fetials were sent as ambassadors to the foreign country concerned. If the requests borne by the ''pater patratus'' were not met, he went back to Rome after invoking Jupiter, Juno (or Janus), and Quirinus, along with the heavenly gods, the terrestrial gods, and the gods of the netherworld as witnesses of the violation of the ''ius'' and after declaring war within 30 or 33 days. When this period of time had expired he went back to the border and opened the hostilities with a magic gesture: while affirming once again the good right of Rome he threw a spear with steel point or a javelin of ''corniolum'' hardened with fire into the enemy's territory. The fetials were a common institution of the Latins and of other Italic people. According to G. Dumézil, the initial contract concluded with the gods and extended through the ''sacra'' and the ''signa'' is sufficient to justify the acts of official religious authorities (such as pontiffs and augurs) within the Roman ''ager''. Actions beyond this boundary require an additional religious foundation, based not only on '' ius'' but also, on a deeper level, the ''fas'' on which ''ius'' is based. This is the task of the fetials who achieve their aim through the *''feti-'', word that as Vedic ''dhātu'' means ''founding''. They rely on a set of ceremonies that bestow a religious value on the political or military decisions of the magistrates, ensuring that under any circumstance Rome has the gods on her side. Besides offering their advice on international issues to the senate or the consuls, the ''sodalitas'' dispatches two envoys (the ''pater patratus'' and the ''verbenarius'', the last one having only the task of carrying the ''sagmina'' taken from the Capitol Hill) to ask for the reparations, to declare war in a form that is pious and just, and lastly to conclude the peace. The god under whose protection they act and whom the ''pater patratus'' invokes is ''Iupiter Lapis'' in the rite of the conclusion of a treaty and in general when there an agreement is reached. If a declaration of war ensues the fetial calls as witnesses Jupiter, Juno (or Janus, correction accepted by most editors), Quirinus, the heavenly, earthly and nether gods of the violation of the ''ius'' and declares war within thirty-three days.Livy I.32.10.Political implications of the ''ius fetiale''
The author of Cicero's apocryphal speech of Furius Filus and the Christian apologists blamed the Romans for craftily using the ''ius fetiale'' in order to ensure divine support for Rome in international disputes. They allege that Romans were not moved by a desire for justice in their use of the ''ius fetiale'', but rather bent its rules and made a disproportionately excessive use of its technicalities to acquire an undue advantage over other peoples with the ultimate goal of stealing their lands and riches.References
There are two conflicting footnotes -- #1 and #7 -- for the same term, pater patratus.Bibliography
* * * See especially 1.24, 1.32. *External links
{{Authority control Ancient Roman religious titles Foreign relations of ancient Rome Ancient Roman priests Diplomats by role Jupiter (god) Ancient Roman government