Federal judges are judges appointed by a federal level of government as opposed to the state/provincial/local level.

United States

A U.S. federal judge is appointed by the

U.S. president The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the Federal government of the United States#Executive branch, executive branch of the Federal government of t ...

and confirmed by the

U.S. Senate The United States Senate is a chamber of the bicameral United States Congress; it is the upper house, with the U.S. House of Representatives being the lower house. Together, the Senate and House have the authority under Article One of the ...

in accordance with Article 3 of the Constitution. The

U.S. Supreme Court The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all U.S. federal court cases, and over state court cases that turn on question ...

currently has 9 justices. The judges of 13 circuit courts of appeals and 94 federal

circuit courts Circuit courts are court systems in several common law jurisdictions. It may refer to: * Courts that literally sit 'on circuit', i.e., judges move around a region or country to different towns or cities where they will hear cases; * Courts that s ...

are also appointed by the president and are therefore also "federal judges" (or Article III judges). Federal judges in the United States are appointed for life (impeachment through the U.S. Congress is possible). For 2018, Article III judges include 807 judges: 9 in the Supreme Court, 179 in the circuit courts of appeal, 673 in the federal district courts, and 9 judges in the federal court of international trade. As of June 2021, there are nearly 700 federal judges in the United States.

Russia

The judicial system of the Russian Federation does not define the concept of “federal judge”, but provides for the position of a judge of a federal court. At the same time, all judges in the

Russian Federation Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

have a single status (Article 2, Part 1 of the Law “On the Status of Judges in the Russian Federation”). As of 2009, there were 23,297 federal judges in the country in the general court system. Judges of federal courts are appointed by the

President of the Russian Federation The president of Russia, officially the president of the Russian Federation (), is the executive head of state of Russia. The president is the chair of the Federal State Council and the supreme commander-in-chief of the Russian Armed Forces. I ...

, and judges of the

Constitutional A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity, and commonly determines how that entity is to be governed. When these princ ...

and Supreme Courts are appointed by the

Federation Council The Federation Council, unofficially Senate, is the upper house of the Federal Assembly of Russia, with the lower house being the State Duma. It was established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993. Each of the 89 federal s ...

Brazil

In the words of the Federal Constitution, the judge is an organ of the

Judiciary The judiciary (also known as the judicial system, judicature, judicial branch, judiciative branch, and court or judiciary system) is the system of courts that adjudicates legal disputes/disagreements and interprets, defends, and applies the law ...

. Thus, he is an agent of the State, responsible for saying the Law definitively. Specifically in the case of the Federal Court, the judge is responsible for judging the actions in which the Union, its autarchies and federal public companies are, in some way, interested. In addition, it also judges other matters, such as those involving foreign States, the dispute over indigenous rights, cases relating to nationality and naturalization, and the execution of foreign judgment. In criminal matters, among others, it judges political crimes and criminal offenses committed to the detriment of goods, services or interests of the Union or its municipal entities or public companies, crimes against the organization of work and, as a general rule, crimes committed on board ships or aircraft.

References

Judges

Judge A judge is a person who wiktionary:preside, presides over court proceedings, either alone or as a part of a judicial panel. In an adversarial system, the judge hears all the witnesses and any other Evidence (law), evidence presented by the barris ...

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