Fascinus

In ancient Roman religion and magic, the ''fascinus'' or ''fascinum'' was the embodiment of the divine phallus. The word can refer to phallus effigies and amulets, and to the spells used to invoke his divine protection. Pliny called it a ''medicus invidiae'', a "doctor" or remedy for envy ('' invidia'', a "looking upon") or the evil eye.

Etymology

The English word " fascinate" ultimately derives from Latin '' fascinum'' and the related verb ''fascinare'', "to use the power of the ''fascinus''", that is, "to practice magic" and hence "to enchant, bewitch". Catullus uses the verb at the end of ''Carmen 7'', a hendecasyllabic poem addressing his lover Lesbia; he expresses his infinite desire for kisses that cannot be counted by voyeurs nor "fascinated" (put under a spell) by a malicious tongue; such bliss, as also in ''Carmen'' 5, potentially attracts ''invidia''.

Fescennine Verses, the satiric and often lewd songs or chants performed on various social occasions, may have been so-named from the ''fascinum''; ancient sources propose this etymology along with an alternative origin from Fescennia, a small town in Etruria.

Public religion

The Vestal Virgins tended the cult of the ''fascinus populi Romani'', the sacred image of the phallus that was one of the tokens of the safety of the state ''(sacra Romana)''. It was thus associated with the Palladium. Roman myths, such as the begetting of Servius Tullius, suggest that this phallus was an embodiment of a masculine generative power located within the hearth, regarded as sacred. When a general celebrated a triumph, the Vestals hung an effigy of the ''fascinus'' on the underside of his chariot to protect him from ''invidia''.

Augustine, whose primary source on Roman religion was the lost theological works of Marcus Terentius Varro, notes that a phallic image was carried in procession annually at the festival of Father Liber, the Roman god identified with Dionysus or Bacchus, for the purpose of protecting the fields from ''fascinatio'', magic compulsion:

As a divinized phallus, Fascinus shared attributes with Mutunus Tutunus, whose shrine was supposed to date from the founding of the city, and the imported Greek god Priapus.

As a magic symbol

Phallic charms, often winged, were ubiquitous in Roman culture, appearing as objects of jewellery such as pendants and finger rings, relief carvings, lamps, and wind chimes ('' tintinnabula''). ''Fascinus'' was thought particularly to ward off evil from children, mainly boys, and from conquering generals (see n. 6). The protective function of the phallus is usually related to the virile and regenerative powers of an erect phallus, though in most cases the emotion, shame, or laughter created by obscenity is the power that diverts the evil eye.

There are very few Roman images of people wearing a phallic charm. Varro notes the custom of hanging a phallic charm on a baby's neck, and examples have been found of phallus-bearing rings too small to be worn except by children.Martin Henig, ''Religion in Roman Britain'' (London: BT Batsford LTD, 1984), pp. 185–18
online
with image of example. A 2017 experimental archaeology project suggested that some types of phallic pendant were designed to remain pointing outwards, in the direction of travel of the wearer, in order to face towards any potential danger or bad luck and nullify it before it could affect the wearer. Other symbols may have been interchangeable with the phallus, such as the club of Hercules.

The victory of the phallus over the power of the evil eye may be represented by the phallus ejaculating towards a disembodied eye. This motif is shown in several examples of Roman art. For example, the motif is known from multiple relief sculptures from Leptis Magna in present-day Libya, as well as several instances on Hadrian's Wall. A 1st-century BC terracotta figurine shows "two little phallus-men sawing an eyeball in half".

The "fist and phallus" amulet was prevalent amongst soldiers. These are phallic pendants with a representation of a (usually) clenched fist at the bottom of the shaft, facing away from the glans. Several examples show the fist making the ''manus fica'' or " fig sign", a symbol of good luck. The largest known collection comes from Camulodunum. Some examples of the fist-and-phallus amulets incorporate vulvar imagery as well as an extra apotropaic device.

File:Tintinnabulum-Fund in Herculaneum.jpg, A '' tintinnabulum'' from Herculaneum (Italy), with the phallus as a beast which the human male engages in combat.
File:Bas-relief of fascinus.jpg, Bas-relief of a legged phallus ejaculating into an evil eye on which a scorpion sits, from Leptis Magna (Libya).
File:Yorkshire Museum, York (Eboracum) (7685630354).jpg, A simple phallic relief from '' Eboracum'' (York, UK).
File:KENT-E3D152 (FindID 392891).jpg, A phallic pendant from Kent (UK).
File:Roman_phallic_pendant_(FindID_156232).jpg, A simple phallic pendant from Suffolk (UK).

See also

* Lingam
* Venus figurine

Notes

References

External links

Open Library: Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities: Fascinum

{{Amulets and Talismans

Amulets
Roman gods
Childhood gods
Fertility gods
Phallic symbols
Ancient Roman erotic art
Ancient Roman metalwork