Falcataria Falcata

''Falcataria falcata'' (syns. Albizia falcata, Falcataria moluccana and Paraserianthes falcataria), commonly known as the Moluccan albizia, is a species of fast-growing tree in the family Fabaceae. It is native to the Maluku Islands, New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, and the Solomon Islands. It is cultivated for timber throughout South Asian and Southeast Asian countries. This tree is considered to be invasive in Hawaii, American Samoa and several other island nations in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It reaches about tall in nature, and has a massive trunk and an open crown. It is most famous for its remarkable rate of growth. It has been recorded growing in three years, in nine years and in seventeen years.

Common names

''Falcataria falcata'' is cultivated throughout the wet tropical and subtropical regions of the world and so has many common names. These include: albizia (Hawaii), Moluccan albizia, sengon (Java), salawaku ( Maluku), jeungjing (Indonesia), ai-samtuco ( Tetun, Timor-Leste), batai (Malaysia), kerosin tree (Pohnpei), sau, Moluccan sau, falcata (Philippines), and Tamaligi (Samoa).

Description

*Leaves – twice pinnately compound with small leaflets
*Flowers – creamy white small flowers are faintly fragrant
*Fruits – pods that fall from the trees when mature.
*Bark – smooth, light or white colored bark.
*Wood – light tan with long fibers.
*Wood density=280 kg / cubic meter (based on weight and volume at 18% moisture content)
*Chromosome number 2n=26.

The tree has become invasive in forests in Hawaii and on other Pacific islands, like New Caledonia.

Uses

*Commercial uses – ''Falcataria falcata'' softwood is used to make match-sticks, chopsticks, shipping pallets, and wooden boxes. The pulp is used for paper-making. Plywood production and veneer based products have increasingly been an important use for these trees.
*Traditional uses – Whole tree trunks are carved for seagoing canoes. Also used extensively for firewood in Timor-Leste and elsewhere.
*Agroforestry – Grown as a coffee shade tree. Inter-cropped with Eucalyptus to add nitrogen. Used for agroforestry with pineapple and other crops in Indonesia and Timor-Leste.

Insects found on ''Falcataria falcata''

In Hawaii the caterpillars of the endemic Hawaiian koa looper ('' Scotorythra paludicola'') has been found to defoliate ''Falcataria falcata'' and complete their development on this invasive tree without the larvae eating the leaves of their native host ''Acacia koa''.

In Borneo the following moth species have been identified as feeding on ''Falcataria falcata''.
*'' Lymantria brunneiplaga'' – Family Lymantriidae
*'' Hypochrosis cryptopyrrhata'' – Family Geometridae
*'' Erygia spissa'' – Family Erebidae
*'' Hypopyra pudens'' – Family Erebidae

In the broader Indomalayan region the following species have also been found feeding on ''F. falcata'':
*'' Charaxes bernardus'' – Lepidoptera: Family Nymphalidae
*''Eurema blanda'' and ''Eurema hecabe'' – Lepidoptera: Family Pieridae. Caterpillars of these two species are pests of young trees and seedlings (respectively).
*'' Xystrocera festiva'' – Coleoptera: Family Cerambycidae. Large groups of larvae feed under the bark can cause tree death in plantation forestry.

The industrial tree plantation wood ''Falcataria falcata'' was found to be susceptible to the species of drywood termites, '' Cryptotermes cynocephalus'', in trials in the Philippines. This tree species has also been found to be susceptible to the subterranean termite species ''Coptotermes formosanus'' in tests conducted in Indonesia and Hawaii. The Formosan subterranean termites consumed 49 ± 4.0 μg/termite/day of ''F. falcata'' wood in the Indonesian Standard (SNI) laboratory tests or 66 ± 6.5 μg/termite/day under the Japanese Standard (JIS) tests for termite susceptibility.

Diseases

''Falcataria falcata'' is the primary host of the gall rust fungus ''Uromycladium falcatarium'', and has also been recorded as a host of ''Uromycladium tepperianum''. Both of these gall rust species cause severe damage throughout all stages of the tree's growth.

Two Actinomycetales bacteria '' Streptomyces asiaticus'' and '' S. cangkringensis'' have been isolated from the rhizosphere soil surrounding ''F. falcata'' in Indonesia. Although at least 10 species of ''Streptomyces'' are plant pathogens it is unclear if these two species have any negative impacts on the roots or other tissues of this tree.

Gallery

Starr 080304-3248 Falcataria moluccana.jpg,
Parase falcata 060922 0403 rwg.jpg,
Starr 010425-0075 Falcataria moluccana.jpg,
File:南洋楹-摩鹿加合歡 Falcataria moluccana 20220920170458.jpg,
Starr 090617-0855 Falcataria moluccana.jpg,
File:南洋楹-摩鹿加合歡Falcataria moluccana 20201002180557 03.jpg,
File:南洋楹-摩鹿加合歡Falcataria moluccana 20201002180557 13.jpg,
File:南洋楹-摩鹿加合歡Falcataria moluccana 20201002180557 21.jpg,
Starr 090720-3021 Falcataria moluccana.jpg,
Starr 160919-0673 Falcataria moluccana.jpg,
Starr 061212-2317 Falcataria moluccana.jpg,
File:南洋楹-摩鹿加合歡Falcataria moluccana 20201002180557 01.jpg,

References

Common Forest Trees: ''Albizia falcataria'' http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/trees/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Albizia_falcataria.pdf


Romano, A.D., & Acda, M.N. 2017. Feeding preference of the drywood termite ''Cryptotermes cynocephalus'' (Kalotermitidae) against industrial tree plantation species in the Philippines. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 20: 1161–1164. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2017.08.026

Hughes, R.F., Johnson, M.T. & Uowolo, A., 2011. The invasive alien tree ''Falcataria moluccana'':
its impacts and management. XIII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. Sept. 11–16, 2011 – Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA. http://www.invasive.org/proceedings/pdfs/Hughes.pdf




DOI 10.1007/s13313-014-0301-z


UniProt
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DOI 10.3390/insects3020396

External links

*

{{Taxonbar, from1=Q91269946, from2=Q15535258, from3=Q39144424, from4=Q3595925

Mimosoids
Flora of the Maluku Islands
Flora of Papuasia
Flora of the Santa Cruz Islands
Plants described in 2016