Amir Abu'l-Abbas Fadl, better known as Fadluya (also spelled Fadlawayh), was a

Kurdish Kurdish may refer to: *Kurds or Kurdish people *Kurdish language ** Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji) **Central Kurdish (Sorani) **Southern Kurdish ** Laki Kurdish *Kurdish alphabets *Kurdistan, the land of the Kurdish people which includes: **Southern ...

chieftain of the Shabankara in Fars. He was the son of Ali ibn Hasan ibn Ayyub of the Ramani clan of the Shabankara, who were Kurds from

Syria Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to Syria–Turkey border, the north, Iraq to Iraq–Syria border, t ...

that migrated to Fars,Spuler, B. (1987)
"ATĀBAKĀN-E LORESTĀN"

Encyclopedia Iranica An encyclopedia is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of knowledge, either general or special, in a particular field or discipline. Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries that are arranged alphabetically by artic ...

. II. and was the founder of the Shabankara dynasty in Fars (r. 1030–1078), which lasted sporadically from 1030 to 1355. The Shabankaras occupied the mountain region of Kuhgiluya and maintained a great scale of independence.

Early life

Earlier in his life, Fadluya's father Ali sent him to Saheb-e Adel, who was then the

vizier A vizier (; ; ) is a high-ranking political advisor or Minister (government), minister in the Near East. The Abbasids, Abbasid caliphs gave the title ''wazir'' to a minister formerly called ''katib'' (secretary), who was at first merely a help ...

to the

Buyid The Buyid dynasty or Buyid Empire was a Zaydi and later Twelver Shi'a dynasty of Daylamite origin. Founded by Imad al-Dawla, they mainly ruled over central and southern Iran and Iraq from 934 to 1062. Coupled with the rise of other Iranian dyna ...

ruler

Abu Kalijar Abu Kalijar Marzuban (; died October 1048) was the Buyid amir of Fars (1024–1048), Kerman (1028–1048) and Iraq (1044–1048). He was the eldest son of Sultan al-Dawla. Struggle for supremacy over the Buyid kingdom The death of Sultan al-D ...

. Ali requested that his son be given a court position. Fadluya rose in rank under Saheb-e Adel and eventually reached the rank of

sepahsalar () or (; ), in Arabic rendered as () or (), was a title used in much of the Islamic world during the 10th–15th centuries, to denote the senior-most military commanders, but also as a generic general officer rank. Islamic East and Persia Th ...

. However, Abu Kalijar "decided to take over the Shabankara territories for himself, which alienated Fadluya".

Ruler of Fars

When the

Seljuk Seljuk (, ''Selcuk'') or Saljuq (, ''Saljūq'') may refer to: * Seljuk Empire (1051–1153), a medieval empire in the Middle East and central Asia * Seljuk dynasty (c. 950–1307), the ruling dynasty of the Seljuk Empire and subsequent polities * S ...

prince

Qavurt Kara Arslan Ahmad Qavurt (died 1073), better simply known as Qavurt (also spelled Kavurt) was a Seljuq prince. Upon his brother's death, he led an unsuccessful rebellion against his nephew in an attempt to gain the Seljuk throne. Background T ...

invaded Fars in 1053, Fadluya turned to Qavurt's brother

Alp Arslan Alp Arslan, born Muhammad Alp Arslan bin Dawud Chaghri, was the second List of sultans of the Seljuk Empire, sultan of the Seljuk Empire and great-grandson of Seljuk (warlord), Seljuk, the eponymous founder of the dynasty and the empire. He g ...

. He offered an annual tribute of 27 million

dirham The dirham, dirhem or drahm is a unit of currency and of mass. It is the name of the currencies of Moroccan dirham, Morocco, the United Arab Emirates dirham, United Arab Emirates and Armenian dram, Armenia, and is the name of a currency subdivisi ...

s in return for the Seljuks letting him remain ruler of Fars. Alp Arslan accepted, and by 1055 Fadluya had consolidated his rule in Fars. His main capital was at Goshnabad, or Joshnabad, a town somewhere northeast of

Fasa FASA Corporation was an American publisher of role-playing games, wargaming, wargames and board games between 1980 and 2001, after which they closed publishing operations for several years, becoming an IP holding company under the name FASA In ...

. He also sometimes resided at Darabgerd and

Shiraz Shiraz (; ) is the List of largest cities of Iran, fifth-most-populous city of Iran and the capital of Fars province, which has been historically known as Pars (Sasanian province), Pars () and Persis. As of the 2016 national census, the popu ...

. Later, in the reign of sultan Alp Arslan, Fadluya rebelled against him. He stopped sending the annual tribute, proclaimed himself an independent ruler, and took up a defensive position at the fortress of Khvorsha near Jahrom. However, this rebellion was unsuccessful – Alp Arslan's vizier

Nizam al-Mulk Abū ʿAlī Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī Ṭūsī () (1018 – 1092), better known by his honorific title of Niẓām al-Mulk (), was a Persian Sunni scholar, jurist, political philosopher and vizier of the Seljuk Empire. Rising from a low position w ...

came and ended up capturing the fortress after 16 days. Fadluya surrendered and offered to pay reparations. He was forgiven and allowed to resume his position as ruler of Fars. Fadluya rebelled again in 1072, and once again Nizam al-Mulk was sent to subjugate him. Nizam al-Mulk's attempt to resolve things peacefully failed; again Fadluya ended up ensconcing himself in a fortress. Nizam al-Mulk began a siege, which only lasted for a relatively short time before the defenders surrendered due to lack of water. Fadluya attempted to flee but was captured and brought before Alp Arslan. Alp Arslan again forgave Fadluya, but this time he had him imprisoned at the fortress of

Estakhr Istakhr (Middle Persian romanized: ''Stakhr'', ) was an ancient city in Fars province, north of Persepolis in southwestern Iran. It flourished as the capital of the Persian '' Frataraka'' governors and Kings of Persis from the third century BC t ...

Death

According to Ibn al-Balkhi, Fadluya remained a prisoner at Estakhr for the rest of his life. In 1078, he attempted to take over the fortress but failed, and he was captured and killed. His skin was stuffed with straw and hung up on public display.

Early life

Ruler of Fars

Death

References

Further reading