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Ezh (Ʒ ʒ) , also called the "tailed z", is a letter, notable for its use in the
International Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standard written representation ...
(IPA) to represent the voiced postalveolar fricative consonant. This sound, sometimes transcribed /zh/, occurs in the pronunciation of in ''vision'' and ''precision'' , the in ''treasure'' , and the in ''beige'' . Ezh is also used as a letter in some orthographies of Laz and Skolt Sami, both by itself, and with a
caron A caron or háček ( ), is a diacritic mark () placed over certain letters in the orthography of some languages, to indicate a change of the related letter's pronunciation. Typographers tend to use the term ''caron'', while linguists prefer ...
(⟨Ǯ⟩ ⟨ǯ⟩). In Laz, these represent voiceless alveolar affricate and its ejective counterpart , respectively. In Skolt Sami they respectively denote partially voiced alveolar and post-alveolar affricates, broadly represented and . It also appears in the orthography of some African languages, for example in the Aja language of Benin and the Dagbani language of
Ghana Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It is situated along the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, and shares borders with Côte d’Ivoire to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, and Togo to t ...
, where the uppercase variant looks like a reflected
sigma Sigma ( ; uppercase Σ, lowercase σ, lowercase in word-final position ς; ) is the eighteenth letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 200. In general mathematics, uppercase Σ is used as an operator ...
Σ⟩. It also appears in the orthography of Uropi. The zh sound is represented by various letters in different languages, such as the letter ⟨ Ž⟩ as used in many
Slavic languages The Slavic languages, also known as the Slavonic languages, are Indo-European languages spoken primarily by the Slavs, Slavic peoples and their descendants. They are thought to descend from a proto-language called Proto-Slavic language, Proto- ...
, the letter ⟨ Ż⟩ as used in Kashubian, the letter ⟨⟩ in a number of Arabic dialects, the Persian alphabet letter ⟨⟩, the
Cyrillic The Cyrillic script ( ) is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia. It is the designated national script in various Slavic, Turkic, Mongolic, Uralic, Caucasian and Iranic-speaking countries in Southeastern Europe, Ea ...
letter ⟨⟩, the
Devanagari Devanagari ( ; in script: , , ) is an Indic script used in the Indian subcontinent. It is a left-to-right abugida (a type of segmental Writing systems#Segmental systems: alphabets, writing system), based on the ancient ''Brāhmī script, Brā ...
letter ( झ़) and the
Esperanto Esperanto (, ) is the world's most widely spoken Constructed language, constructed international auxiliary language. Created by L. L. Zamenhof in 1887 to be 'the International Language' (), it is intended to be a universal second language for ...
letter ⟨ Ĵ⟩.


Origin

As a phonetic symbol, it originates with Isaac Pitman's English Phonotypic Alphabet in 1847, as a ''z'' with an added hook. The symbol is based on medieval cursive forms of Latin ⟨ z⟩, evolving into the
blackletter Blackletter (sometimes black letter or black-letter), also known as Gothic script, Gothic minuscule or Gothic type, was a script used throughout Western Europe from approximately 1150 until the 17th century. It continued to be commonly used for ...
⟨z⟩ letter. In Unicode, however, the blackletter ⟨⟩ (" tailed z", German ) is considered a glyph variant of ⟨z⟩, and not an ezh. Humanist Gian Giorgio Trissino proposed in 1524 a reform of Italian orthography introducing ezh as an uppercase for the sound. In contexts where "tailed z" is used in contrast to tail-less z, notably in standard transcription of
Middle High German Middle High German (MHG; or ; , shortened as ''Mhdt.'' or ''Mhd.'') is the term for the form of High German, High German language, German spoken in the High Middle Ages. It is conventionally dated between 1050 and 1350, developing from Old High ...
, Unicode ⟨ʒ⟩ is sometimes used, strictly speaking incorrectly. Unicode offers ⟨ ȥ⟩ "z with hook" as a grapheme for Middle High German coronal fricative instead.


Similarities to other glyphs


Yogh

In Unicode 1.0, the character was unified with the unrelated character yogh ⟨Ȝ ȝ⟩, which was not correctly added to Unicode until Unicode 3.0. Historically, ezh is derived from Latin ⟨ z⟩, but yogh is derived from Latin ⟨ g⟩ by way of insular G. The characters look very similar and do not appear alongside each other in any alphabet. To differentiate between the two more clearly, the
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and the Early English Text Society extend the uppermost tip of the yogh into a little curvature upward.


Numeral three

The ezh looks similar to the common form of the figure three ⟨3⟩. To differentiate between the two characters, ezh includes the sharp zigzag of the letter ⟨z⟩, while the number is usually curved. Some typefaces use a form of ⟨3⟩ with a flat top, very similar (or virtually identical) to an ezh. In handwritten Cyrillic, the numeral ⟨3⟩ is sometimes written in a form similar to the ezh, so as to distinguish it from the letter ze ⟨З⟩.


Hiragana ro

Ezh looks similar to the syllabogram⟩, which is the hiragana form of the Japanese mora ''ro''.


Cyrillic ze and dze

The Cyrillic letter ze ⟨З з⟩ has a similar body to Ezh and the Abkhazian dze ⟨Ӡ ӡ⟩. As customary, the Cyrillic script has a stiffer structure, but both letters have common roots in historical cursive forms of the Greek letter zeta ⟨Ζ ζ⟩. However, Latin ezh and Cyrillic ze represent different phonemes: the former generally represents , while the latter represents /z/. Cyrillic uses zhe ⟨Ж ж⟩ for the /ʒ/ phoneme.


Usage


Language orthographies

Trissino's reform did not prosper in relation to the . In the IPA it represents the voiced postalveolar fricative consonant. For example: ''vision'' . It is pronounced as the ⟨s⟩ in "treasure" or the ⟨si⟩ in the word "precision". It is used with that value in Uropi. It is used in the "International Standard" orthography, as devised by Marcel Courthiade for Romani. It was also used in an obsolete Latin alphabet for writing Komi, where it represented (similar to English ⟨j⟩). In the modern Cyrillic alphabet, this sound is written as "дз". It was also used during Latinisation in the USSR in the project of
Unified Northern Alphabet The Unified Northern Alphabet (UNA) () was a set of Latin alphabets created during the Latinisation in the Soviet Union for the Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East, "small" languages of northern Russia and u ...
and other alphabets of the people of the Soviet Union during the 1920–1930s.


Ezh as an abbreviation for dram

In
Unicode Unicode or ''The Unicode Standard'' or TUS is a character encoding standard maintained by the Unicode Consortium designed to support the use of text in all of the world's writing systems that can be digitized. Version 16.0 defines 154,998 Char ...
, a standard designed to allow symbols from all writing systems to be represented and manipulated by computers, the ezh is also used as the symbol to represent the abbreviation for dram or drachm, an apothecaries' system unit of
mass Mass is an Intrinsic and extrinsic properties, intrinsic property of a physical body, body. It was traditionally believed to be related to the physical quantity, quantity of matter in a body, until the discovery of the atom and particle physi ...
. Unicode has no dedicated symbol for dram, but the Unicode code table entry for ezh reads "LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH = dram sign". The upper-case letter ''z'' in
Blackletter Blackletter (sometimes black letter or black-letter), also known as Gothic script, Gothic minuscule or Gothic type, was a script used throughout Western Europe from approximately 1150 until the 17th century. It continued to be commonly used for ...
/ Fraktur hand, , is also seen used for dram, but this letter is meant to be used in mathematics and phonetics, and is not recommended as an abbreviation for dram.


Encoding and ligatures

The
Unicode Unicode or ''The Unicode Standard'' or TUS is a character encoding standard maintained by the Unicode Consortium designed to support the use of text in all of the world's writing systems that can be digitized. Version 16.0 defines 154,998 Char ...
code points are U+01B7 for ⟨Ʒ⟩ and U+0292 for ⟨ʒ⟩. Ezh with caron is also precomposed in
Unicode Unicode or ''The Unicode Standard'' or TUS is a character encoding standard maintained by the Unicode Consortium designed to support the use of text in all of the world's writing systems that can be digitized. Version 16.0 defines 154,998 Char ...
with the code points U+01EE for ⟨Ǯ⟩ and U+01EF for ⟨ǯ⟩. The IPA historically allowed for ezh to be ligatured to other letters; some of these ligatures have been added to the Unicode standard. *Dezh ligatures ezh with the letter D (). *Lezh ligatures ezh with the letter L (). *Tezh ligatures ezh with the letter T ( and ). Related obsolete IPA characters include and . and are also used for phonetic transcription. is used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet. was previously used in the IPA


Typing character

For Mac: , followed by or respectively. For Windows (Sámi Keyboard Layout): .


Gallery

CHE Bad Zurzach COA.svg, Coat of arms of Bad Zurzach


See also

*
Unified Northern Alphabet The Unified Northern Alphabet (UNA) () was a set of Latin alphabets created during the Latinisation in the Soviet Union for the Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East, "small" languages of northern Russia and u ...
* Reversed Ezh (Ƹ ƹ) * Abkhazian Dze (Ӡ ӡ) * Cyrillic Ze (З з)


References


External links

* Michael Everson's essa
On the derivation of Yogh and Ezh
{{DEFAULTSORT:Z - Ezh Phonetic transcription symbols Latin-script letters