Exolum Pipeline System

The Exolum Pipeline System, formerly the CLH Pipeline System and the Government Pipelines and Storage System (GPSS), is a fuel pipeline system in the United Kingdom. Originally constructed by the government to supply fuel to airfields in World War II, it is now owned by Exolum.

The system once consisted of over of pipeline and more than 46 facilities. In 1989 there were 40 petroleum storage depots in operation plus large numbers of other facilities such as pump-stations, junctions, and ingress and egress points, although many of these have now been closed. It is interconnected with other commercial pipeline systems.

Pre-World War II planning

As part of the planning and preparations for World War II, the Air Ministry realised that the ability to distribute aviation fuel to the Royal Air Force (RAF)'s aircraft and petrol to its ground support vehicles was essential to sustaining any battle, in which superiority would be gained mainly in the air. In 1936, the RAF possessed just 8,000 tons of fuel, a quantity thought at the time to be enough for 10 days of war—but which turned out to be about one day's supply at the war's peak.

Authorisation was given to build fuel-storage depots with semi-buried tanks that would be protected against aerial attack. Initial plans in 1936 called for a total capacity of 90,000 tons, but within two years that was increased to 800,000 tons. By the start of World War II in 1939, several new depots were operational, but no pipelines were constructed until 1941.

National pipeline system

The declaration of war triggered the activation of the Petroleum Board, which controlled the country's petrol companies from Shell Mex House in London. The construction of protected storage tanks continued; most were built between 1940 and 1942.

As Great Britain began to import more fuel through west coast ports (the east coast ports were closed by German bombing), it became more difficult for the road and rail network to transfer the fuel eastwards and southwards. In April 1941 the go-ahead was given for the construction of an oil pipeline from Avonmouth, where a large number of new protected storage tanks had been constructed, to the Thames (A/T pipeline). Concern about the vulnerability of the fuel-import facilities led in 1942 to the construction of a pipeline linking the import facilities in the Stanlow area with those at Avonmouth. This was followed by the construction of a pipeline running from off the A/T pipeline to the Southampton area for the stockpiling of fuel for the possible second front (R/H pipeline). During 1943 an entire ring-main was built to link the River Mersey, the Avonmouth area, the River Thames and up to the Humber area. This was later extended into East Anglia to supply the RAF and the United States Army Air Force (USAAF).

Linked to the GPSS were the cross-channel PLUTO pipelines which ran from the Isle of Wight to Cherbourg (code named BAMBI) and from Dungeness to Boulogne (code named DUMBO). Adding to the R/H pipeline, a new pipeline was built from the Thames to Dungeness in 1943. The success of the PLUTO was limited, accounting for only 8% of the fuel delivered between D-Day and VE Day. The official history states that 'PLUTO contributed nothing to Allied supplies at a time that would have been most valuable' and 'DUMBO was more valuable, but at a time when success was of less importance.'

By war's end, the protected storage tanks had proven their value: German bombs had destroyed about 500,000 tons of above-ground tanks but only two of the protected tanks (8,000 tons), in Poole and Falmouth.

Post-World War II

Immediately after the war, most of the system was mothballed. Surplus fuel was disposed of, sites were reduced to minimum manning, and the pipelines filled with water.A.L.Adams, 1980, p7.

The system was recommissioned during the Cold War. One person working on bringing one previously mothballed storage depot back into operation related how it was buried beneath rubbish and long grass. Two new fuel importation complexes were built in the 1950s, one to the south west of Bristol and one in the Stanlow area. A very large storage depot using salt caverns was constructed in Cheshire for storing both crude and refined oils. On being recommissioned, the cross-Pennines pipeline was found to be badly corroded and in the 1950s a new pipeline was built from the Stanlow area to the Humber. New storage depots were built on this pipeline and a third new import facility was constructed on the Humber.

The first commercial usage of the system was immediately after the war to supply a depot on the River Severn from Avonmouth. In the early 1950s some aviation fuel was pumped from Avonmouth to a depot on the River Thames to supply Heathrow Airport by road tanker from there. Esso also used the network to pump aviation fuel from the Fawley refinery to the Thames depot to supply Heathrow. The late 1950s also saw a spur off one of the PLUTO pipelines, originally from the Thames to Dungeness, brought back into operation to pump fuel from the Isle of Grain to the Thames Depot. From there aviation fuel was carried to Heathrow Airport, no longer by road tanker but via the first commercial pipeline which was constructed by Shell-Mex & BP in 1959.

In 1967 an agreement was reached with Conoco for leasing five petroleum storage depots for road loading of ground fuels. These were all supplied from the Immingham refinery which was connected to the GPSS pipeline network. During the late 1970s and early 1980s two commercial road loading facilities and two additional refineries were also connected to the GPSS. There were a substantial number of depots that were not on the pipeline network. In the 1970s most of these were closed down. In the 1980s it was decided by the government that large scale strategic storage of petroleum as a civil reserve was no longer required. The salt cavities and some of the storage depots previously used for civil reserve storage were either closed or leased commercially.

The management of civil storage depots and the pipeline network initially came under the Board of Trade and then in 1942 under the Ministry of Power. This became the Department of Energy in the 1970s. In 1975 the British National Oil Corporation

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