President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued Executive Order 10450 on April 27, 1953. Effective May 27, 1953, it revoked President Truman's Executive Order 9835 of 1947 and dismantled its Loyalty Review Board program. Instead, it charged the heads of federal agencies and the Civil Service Commission, supported by the

Federal Bureau of Investigation The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic Intelligence agency, intelligence and Security agency, security service of the United States and Federal law enforcement in the United States, its principal federal law enforcement ag ...

(FBI), with the task of investigating federal employees to determine whether they posed security risks. It expanded the definitions and conditions used to make such determinations. The order contributed to the ongoing Lavender scare of the mid-1950s, barring thousands of lesbian and gay applicants from government jobs.

Comparison to the previous Executive Order 9835

Previously, the criteria used to define a security risk were largely political, that is, affiliation with suspect organizations or a clear demonstration of disloyalty. Executive Order 10450 added more general estimations of character, stability, and reliability. Its language was broad: "Any criminal, infamous, dishonest, immoral, or notoriously disgraceful conduct, habitual use of intoxicants to excess, drug addiction, or sexual perversion." At the same time, the executive order's provisions contained advice on evaluating character problems, as in its provision that the medical valuation of a psychological problem should show "due regard to the transient or continuing effect of the illness."

Ban on lesbian and gay federal workers

Under the order, thousands of lesbian and gay applicants were barred from federal employment, and over 5,000 federal employees were fired under suspicions of being homosexual. It came as a part of the US " Lavender Scare" witch hunts which contributed to and complemented the McCarthyist Red Scare. From 1947 to 1961, the number of firings based on sexual orientation were far greater than those for membership in the Communist party. It was not until 1973 that a federal judge ruled that a person's sexual orientation alone could not be the sole reason for termination from federal employment, and not until 1975 that the United States Civil Service Commission announced that they would consider applications by gay and lesbian individuals on a case-by-case basis. Without explicitly referring to homosexuality, the executive order responded to several years of charges that the presence of homosexual employees in the State Department posed blackmail risks. Attorney General Herbert Brownell Jr. explained that the new order was designed to encompass both loyalty and security risks and he differentiated between the two: "Employees could be a security risk and still not be disloyal or have any traitorous thoughts, but it may be that their personal habits are such that they might be subject to blackmail by people who seek to destroy the safety of our country." The executive order had the effect of banning gay men and lesbians from working for any agency of the federal government.

Prior influences on the order's construction

The Hoey Committee, an investigative committee created by a Democrat controlled Senate in 1950, was commissioned to investigate and receive testimony from various federal government agencies, the judiciary, and law enforcement officials in Washington DC. The purpose of the committee was "to count the number of homosexuals in these departments" and discuss the merits of their inclusion in them Notably, they did not talk to any LGBTQ+ people or groups. The findings of the Senate report, entitled ''Employment of Homosexuals and Other Sex Perverts in Government'' were that almost "5000 homosexuals were within the military and civilian work force." The report concluded that gay people should not be allowed in government work because of their susceptibility to seduction and communism making them a security risk. The report served as a key resource to the Eisenhower administration in the creation of Executive Order 10450. Thus, the Hoey Committee was one of the first steps of institutionalizing homophobia in government work in the United States, and served as a guide for future government officials to do the same, as the Eisenhower administration did two years later.

Other aspects of the order

The press recognized the revolutionary nature of the new executive order. ''

The Washington Post ''The Washington Post'', locally known as ''The'' ''Post'' and, informally, ''WaPo'' or ''WP'', is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital. It is the most widely circulated newspaper in the Washington m ...

'' said that it established not a loyalty test but a "suitability test." Some in government referred to their new "integrity-security" program. Some of those the press expected to be excluded from federal employment included "a person who drinks too much," "an incorrigible gossip," "homosexuals," and "neurotics." Truman's earlier Executive Order 9835 applied only to the State Department and select military agencies. Executive Order 10450 extended to all employees of the federal government, notably the armed forces. Anyone enlisting was required to sign a statement swearing that he had no connections with an organization deemed subversive. Joining such an organization at any time during military service was grounds for immediate discharge from the military. According to scholars, since at least as early as 1960, Executive Order 10450 was also applied to ban transgender individuals from serving in the United States military. Due to the difficulty in proving something like an individual's sexuality, accusations of homosexuality were very dangerous to one's career, regardless of their accuracy.

Repealing the ban on radical sympathizers

The U.S. Supreme Court in ''Cole v. Young'' (1956) restricted the application of the executive order. In this case of a food and drug inspector for the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare who had been dismissed for his association with radicals, the Court faulted the executive order for its failure to define "national security" and for other ambiguities. It faulted its application in the case of a position not clearly related to national security. It noted conflicts with statutes like the Veterans' Preference Act.

Repealing the order

In 1975, the U.S. Civil Service Commission ended a ban on gay and lesbian individuals in the federal civil service. In 1977, the State Department lifted a policy barring gay individuals from employment in the Foreign Service. Around the same time, the

IRS The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is the revenue service for the Federal government of the United States, United States federal government, which is responsible for collecting Taxation in the United States, U.S. federal taxes and administerin ...

ended its policy of requiring "homosexual education and charity groups to publicly state that homosexuality is a 'sickness, disturbance, or diseased pathology'" before obtaining section 501

tax-exempt Tax exemption is the reduction or removal of a liability to make a compulsory payment that would otherwise be imposed by a ruling power upon persons, property, income, or transactions. Tax-exempt status may provide complete relief from taxes, redu ...

status. The order's language restricting national security access based on sexual orientation was also repealed in 1995 when President

Bill Clinton William Jefferson Clinton (né Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician and lawyer who was the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. A member of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party, ...

signed Executive Order 12968, which stated that "The United States Government does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, disability, or sexual orientation in granting access to classified information." The order's language concerning employment and sexual orientation was also repealed when Clinton signed Executive Order 13087 in 1998. The order was explicitly repealed in 2017, when President

Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who was the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the first African American president in American history. O ...

signed Executive Order 13764, the last of his Administration.

References

External links

Executive Order 10450 at the National Archives
{{Queer people and military service in the United States Executive orders of Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953 in American law 1953 in American politics Discrimination against LGBTQ people in the United States McCarthyism LGBTQ history in the United States Sexual orientation and the United States military 1950s in LGBTQ history