Execrabilis

''Execrabilis'' is a papal bull issued by Pope Pius II on 18 January 1460 condemning conciliarism. The bull received its name from the opening word of its Latin text, which labelled as "execrable" all efforts to appeal an authoritative ruling of a Pope to a council.

Background

In 1415, the Council of Constance sought to put a definitive end to the Western Schism by asserting its authority over the rival papal claimants. It issued a document entitled which

This decree established a precedent whereby even the Pope is subject to the decrees of an ecumenical council. Encouraged by this decree, a rump of bishops defiantly continued to meet at Basel even after Pope Eugene IV had transferred the main body of the Council of Basel to Ferrara. Those remaining at Basel believed themselves to constitute the true council and even felt empowered to declare Eugene IV deposed and elect an anti-pope in response to their eventual excommunication. Although Basel had set out to reform the Catholic Church, the mixed and somewhat confused results it produced, coupled with Eugene IV's actions, convinced many to look somewhere other than the papacy for real reforms. At times these conciliarist attempts at reform became a political tool wielded by those who sought to undermine the Pope.

These developments posed a significant challenge to the authority of the papal office. In an effort to nullify the threat, Pius II issued to proclaim that the judgments of his office are final and cannot be appealed.

Text

This bull denounces those who "presume to appeal from the pope to a future council, in spite of the fact that the pope is the vicar of Jesus Christ" and "condemn all such appeals and prohibit them as erroneous and detestable." Penalties for violators of any status or rank, including those having imperial, royal or even papal dignity, are grave. Anyone who contravened this papal decree would " ipso facto incur sentence of anathema, from which he cannot be absolved except by the Roman Pontiff and at the point of death." The bull concludes with a formula also used by Pope Pius XII at the conclusion of his Munificentissimus Deus that if anyone would seek to alter this decree, "let him know that he shall incur the indignation of Almighty God and of Saints Peter and Paul, His apostles."

Reaction

Pius II had intended ''Execrabilis'' to put a definitive end to all future attempts to appeal papal decisions to a council. However, his intention was weakened by the fact that this injunction was not consistently invoked by subsequent Renaissance popes in response to the various manifestations of conciliarist tendencies. It was further weakened by the fact that it was "viewed less in its day as an authoritative pronouncement than a propagandistic proclamation of the view of one particular faction". Nonetheless, it was cited in 1483 by his successor Sixtus IV during the War of Ferrara as a pretext to excommunicate the Doge of Venice on account of a Venetian appeal to a council. In 1509, Pope Julius II again invoked when the Venetians appealed to a council during the War of the League of Cambrai.

When was issued, many prelates in France and Germany were opposed to this bull on account of their support for conciliarism. In the 16th century, these conciliarist tendencies helped to generate support for Martin Luther, who had in 1518 lodged with a notary his own appeal to a general council from the judgment of the Pope. In 1520, Pope Leo X alluded to when he brought up the name of his predecessor Pius II in his own bull, , which threatened Luther with excommunication for teachings the Catholic Church perceived to be problematic. Leo declared that " utherbroke forth in a rash appeal to a future council. This to be sure was contrary to the constitution of Pius II and Julius II our predecessors that all appealing in this way are to be punished with the penalties of heretics."Leo X, .

See also

* Conciliarism
* Pope Pius II

Notes

References

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*{{cite book
, last = Stinger
, first = Charles L.
, title = The Renaissance in Rome
, publisher = Indiana University Press
, year = 1998
, isbn = 9780253212085

Further reading

Execrabilis: Latin and English Text

15th-century papal bulls
1460 in Europe
Documents of Pope Pius II