A list of examples of

transdifferentiation Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, is the process in which one mature somatic cell is transformed into another mature somatic cell without undergoing an intermediate pluripotent state or progenitor cell type. It is a typ ...

: *Mouse

fibroblast A fibroblast is a type of biological cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, produces the structural framework ( stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing. Fibroblasts are the most common cells of ...

chondroblast Chondroblasts, or perichondrial cells, is the name given to mesenchymal progenitor cells in situ which, from endochondral ossification, will form chondrocytes in the growing cartilage matrix. Another name for them is subchondral cortico-spongi ...

s, and pigmented retinal

epithelial cells Epithelium or epithelial tissue is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. It is a thin, continuous, protective layer of compactly packed cells with a little intercellu ...

→

myoblast Myogenesis is the formation of skeletal muscular tissue, particularly during embryonic development. Muscle fibers generally form through the fusion of precursor myoblasts into multinucleated fibers called ''myotubes''. In the early development o ...

s (

MyoD MyoD, also known as myoblast determination protein 1, is a protein in animals that plays a major role in regulating muscle differentiation. MyoD, which was discovered in the laboratory of Harold M. Weintraub, belongs to a family of proteins kno ...

) *Fibroblasts → melanocytes (

MITF Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor also known as class E basic helix-loop-helix protein 32 or bHLHe32 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MITF'' gene. MITF is a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factor ...

) *Glial cells → neurons (

Pax6 Paired box protein Pax-6, also known as aniridia type II protein (AN2) or oculorhombin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PAX6'' gene. Function PAX6 is a member of the Pax gene family which is responsible for carrying the genet ...

) *Erythorid-megakaryocytic cells → monocytic cells ( SPI1/PU.1) *B-cell progenitors → functional macrophages ( C/EBPα) *Rat hepatic cell line → insulin-producing cells (

Pdx1 PDX1 (pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1), also known as insulin promoter factor 1, is a transcription factor in the ParaHox gene cluster.Brooke, N. M., Garcia-Fernàndez, J., & Holland, P. W. (1998). The ParaHox gene cluster is an evolutionary s ...

and

Ngn3 Neurogenins are a family of bHLH transcription factors involved in specifying neuronal differentiation. It is one of many gene families related to the ''atonal'' gene in Drosophila. Other positive regulators of neuronal differentiation also exp ...

) *Fibroblasts → macrophage-like cells (PU.1 and C/EBPα or C/EBPβ) *Postnatal cardiac and dermal fibroblasts → cardiomyocytes (

Gata4 Transcription factor GATA-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GATA4'' gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the GATA family of zinc finger transcription factors. Members of this family recognize the GATA motif which is pr ...

, myocyte enhancer factor 2C, and

Tbx5 T-box transcription factor TBX5, (T-box protein 5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TBX5'' gene. This gene is a member of a phylogenetically conserved family of genes that share a common DNA-binding domain, the T-box. T-box genes ...

) *Fibroblasts → heptaocyte-like cells (Gata4, Hnf1alpha, and

Foxa3 Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-gamma (HNF-3G), also known as forkhead box protein A3 (FOXA3) or transcription factor 3G (TCF-3G) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''FOXA3'' gene. Function HNF-3G is a member of the forkhead class of D ...

) or (Hnf4alpha and

Foxa1 Forkhead box protein A1 (FOXA1), also known as hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-alpha (HNF-3A), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''FOXA1'' gene. Function FOXA1 is a member of the forkhead class of DNA-binding proteins. These hepatocyt ...

Foxa2 Forkhead box protein A2 (FOXA2), also known as hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-beta (HNF-3B), is a transcription factor that plays an important role during development, in mature tissues and, when dysregulated or mutated, also in cancer. Structure ...

or Foxa3) *Fibroblasts → neurons (Ascl1, Pou3f2/Brn2, and Myt1l) *Human fibroblasts → neurons (Ascl1, Brn2, Mytl1, and NeuroD) or (miR-9/9-124, Neurod2, Ascl1, and Myt1l) *Human fibroblasts → functional neurons ( miR-124, Myt1l and Brn2) *Fibroblasts → dopaminergic neurons (

Ascl1 Achaete-scute homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ASCL1'' gene. Because it was discovered subsequent to studies on its homolog in Drosophila, the Achaete-scute complex, it was originally named MASH-1 for mammalian achaete sc ...

, Brn2, Myt1l, Lmx1a, and FoxA2) or (Ascl1, Nurr1, and Lmx1a) *Astrocytes → dopaminergic neurons (Ascl1, Lmx1b, Nurr1){{Cite journal , last1 = Addis , first1 = R. C. , last2 = Hsu , first2 = F. C. , last3 = Wright , first3 = R. L. , last4 = Dichter , first4 = M. A. , last5 = Coulter , first5 = D. A. , last6 = Gearhart , first6 = J. D. , editor1-last = Muotri , editor1-first = Alysson Renato , title = Efficient Conversion of Astrocytes to Functional Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons Using a Single Polycistronic Vector , doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0028719 , journal = PLOS ONE , volume = 6 , issue = 12 , pages = e28719 , year = 2011 , pmid = 22174877 , pmc =3235158 , doi-access = free

References

Histology Induced stem cells

See also

References