Evosea
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Evosea is a diverse
clade In biology, a clade (), also known as a Monophyly, monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach t ...
of amoeboid
protist A protist ( ) or protoctist is any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, land plant, or fungus. Protists do not form a natural group, or clade, but are a paraphyletic grouping of all descendants of the last eukaryotic common ancest ...
s discovered through molecular analyses. Along with Tubulinea and Discosea, Evosea is one of the three major groups within
Amoebozoa Amoebozoa is a major Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group containing about 2,400 described species of Amoeba, amoeboid protists, often possessing blunt, fingerlike, Pseudopod#Morphology, lobose pseudopods and tubular mitochondrial cristae. In trad ...
, an important clade of
eukaryotic The eukaryotes ( ) constitute the Domain (biology), domain of Eukaryota or Eukarya, organisms whose Cell (biology), cells have a membrane-bound cell nucleus, nucleus. All animals, plants, Fungus, fungi, seaweeds, and many unicellular organisms ...
organisms. It contains unicellular organisms that display a wide variety of life cycles and cell shapes, including amoebae,
flagellate A flagellate is a cell or organism with one or more whip-like appendages called flagella. The word ''flagellate'' also describes a particular construction (or level of organization) characteristic of many prokaryotes and eukaryotes and the ...
s and different kinds of slime molds.


Characteristics

Evosea is a strongly supported
clade In biology, a clade (), also known as a Monophyly, monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach t ...
of
eukaryote The eukaryotes ( ) constitute the Domain (biology), domain of Eukaryota or Eukarya, organisms whose Cell (biology), cells have a membrane-bound cell nucleus, nucleus. All animals, plants, Fungus, fungi, seaweeds, and many unicellular organisms ...
s containing four large groups of amoebozoans:
Eumycetozoa Eumycetozoa (), or true slime molds, is a diverse group of protists that behave as slime molds and develop fruiting bodies, either as sorocarps or as sporocarp (fungi), sporocarps. It is a monophyletic group or clade within the phylum Amoebozoa t ...
or "true" slime molds, Variosea, Cutosea and Archamoebae. It is defined on a node-based approach as the least-inclusive clade containing '' Dictyostelium discoideum'' (a true slime mold), '' Protostelium nocturnum'' (a variosean), '' Squamamoeba japonica'' (a cutosean), and '' Entamoeba histolytica'' (an archamoeba). Within Evosea, organisms can vary across almost the entire range of morphologies seen in Amoebozoa. Many members have complex life cycles that include amoebae, flagellates and fruiting stages. Some species appear to be exclusively flagellates, with no amoeboid features.


Taxonomy

Evosea is a clade discovered in 2017 through a phylogenomic study by Senghuo Kang and coauthors, published in the journal ''
Molecular Biology and Evolution ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'' (''MBE'') is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. It publishes work in the intersection of molecular bi ...
''. Since its discovery, it has been supported by independent analyses. As of 2019, it is accepted by the International Society of Protistologists as part of the modern
cladistic Cladistics ( ; from Ancient Greek 'branch') is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is ...
classification of eukaryotes. The name 'Evosea' is partly an
acronym An acronym is a type of abbreviation consisting of a phrase whose only pronounced elements are the initial letters or initial sounds of words inside that phrase. Acronyms are often spelled with the initial Letter (alphabet), letter of each wor ...
of the major members of the clade:
Eumycetozoa Eumycetozoa (), or true slime molds, is a diverse group of protists that behave as slime molds and develop fruiting bodies, either as sorocarps or as sporocarp (fungi), sporocarps. It is a monophyletic group or clade within the phylum Amoebozoa t ...
(E), Variosea (v), Squamamoebidae and Sapocribridae (s), and Archamoebae (a). *
Amoebozoa Amoebozoa is a major Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group containing about 2,400 described species of Amoeba, amoeboid protists, often possessing blunt, fingerlike, Pseudopod#Morphology, lobose pseudopods and tubular mitochondrial cristae. In trad ...
** Evosea *** Cutosea **** Idionectidae **** Squamamoebidae **** Sapocribridae *** Conosa **** Variosea ****
Eumycetozoa Eumycetozoa (), or true slime molds, is a diverse group of protists that behave as slime molds and develop fruiting bodies, either as sorocarps or as sporocarp (fungi), sporocarps. It is a monophyletic group or clade within the phylum Amoebozoa t ...
**** Archamoebea


Evolution

Evosea is composed of two sister clades: Cutosea, a small group of solitary amoebae, and Conosa, a larger group that contains the archamoebae, true slime molds and Variosea. Evosea, along with Tubulinea and Discosea, compose the entirety of
Amoebozoa Amoebozoa is a major Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group containing about 2,400 described species of Amoeba, amoeboid protists, often possessing blunt, fingerlike, Pseudopod#Morphology, lobose pseudopods and tubular mitochondrial cristae. In trad ...
. The branching order of these three basal groups is still unresolved: either Evosea groups with Tubulinea (in a clade known as Tevosa), or with Discosea (in a clade called Divosa). The following
cladogram A cladogram (from Greek language, Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an Phylogenetic tree, evolutionary tree because it does not s ...
is based on a 2022 analysis, which resulted in the Divosa hypothesis:


References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q122496733 Taxa described in 2017 Amoebozoa