Euploea Klugii
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''Euploea klugii'', the brown king crow or king crow, is a butterfly from the family
Nymphalidae The Nymphalidae are the largest family of butterflies, with more than 6,000 species distributed throughout most of the world. Belonging to the superfamily Papilionoidea, they are usually medium-sized to large butterflies. Most species ha ...
found in
India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...
and
Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Mainland Au ...
. The species was first described by the entomologist
Frederic Moore Frederic Moore FZS (13 May 1830 – 10 May 1907) was a British entomologist and illustrator. He produced six volumes of ''Lepidoptera Indica'' and a catalogue of the birds in the collection of the East India Company. It has been said that Mo ...
in
1858 Events January–March * January 9 ** Revolt of Rajab Ali: British forces finally defeat Rajab Ali Khan of Chittagong. ** Anson Jones, the last president of the Republic of Texas, commits suicide. * January 14 – Orsini affair: Pi ...
.


Description

The male
forewing Insect wings are adult outgrowths of the insect exoskeleton that enable insects to fly. They are found on the second and third thoracic segments (the mesothorax and metathorax), and the two pairs are often referred to as the forewings and hindwi ...
is variable in shape, especially in the outline of the
termen Termen is a Municipalities of Switzerland, municipality in the district of Brig (district), Brig in the Cantons of Switzerland, canton of Valais in Switzerland. History Termen is first mentioned in 1201 as ''Terman''. Geography Termen has an ar ...
and dorsum. It is comparatively long in proportion to its width, owing to the lower convexity of the dorsal margin. Its termen is oblique, slightly convex. In the ' novarae' variety, it is broad, with the great convexity of the dorsal margin making it almost subquadrate, while the termen is more convex than in the typical form. In the female, the difference is less marked. The typical form on the upper side is a dark brown forewing suffused up to the termen with a blue gloss, a spot at the apex of the
cell Cell most often refers to: * Cell (biology), the functional basic unit of life * Cellphone, a phone connected to a cellular network * Clandestine cell, a penetration-resistant form of a secret or outlawed organization * Electrochemical cell, a de ...
, a small
coastal A coast (coastline, shoreline, seashore) is the land next to the sea or the line that forms the boundary between the land and the ocean or a lake. Coasts are influenced by the topography of the surrounding landscape and by aquatic erosion, su ...
spot, and two short streaks beyond the apex of the cell. In the female there are two discal spots and in the six subterminal and terminal series of spots, a second series is absent. In both sexes, the subterminal spots are produced inwards. All the spots are bluish white. Hindwing umber brown, the centre glossed with blue; subterminal rows of spots incomplete or obsolescent. The former reduced to two or three spots below the apex, the latter in the male mere dots; in the female absent, only seen by transparency from the underside. The underside is similar, but paler brown and not glossed with blue. The centre of the forewing is dark, the spots are more clearly defined, subterminal and terminal series are more or less complete. The antennae are black. The head,
thorax The thorax (: thoraces or thoraxes) or chest is a part of the anatomy of mammals and other tetrapod animals located between the neck and the abdomen. In insects, crustaceans, and the extinct trilobites, the thorax is one of the three main di ...
and
abdomen The abdomen (colloquially called the gut, belly, tummy, midriff, tucky, or stomach) is the front part of the torso between the thorax (chest) and pelvis in humans and in other vertebrates. The area occupied by the abdomen is called the abdominal ...
are velvety brown, and the head and thorax speckled with bluish white. In the ''kollari'' race the upperside is very dark olive brown, paling to lighter brown towards the termen; both wings have a complete or nearly complete series of subterminal and terminal white spots, the former larger than the latter, in the forewing decreasing in size towards, and curving inwards opposite. The apex; in the hindwing, elongate oval, much larger than the terminal spots, these latter very regular, two in each interspace in the forewing, obsolete towards the apex. The underside is pale olive brown, with the spots as on the upperside, with the addition in the forewing of two to four discal spots, the largest two in the interspace, and a small costal spot; in the hindwing of one or two discal specks. Antennae very dark brown; head, thorax and abdomen dark brown, the former two speckled sparsely with white.


Distribution

It is found in Peninsular India,
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, also known historically as Ceylon, is an island country in South Asia. It lies in the Indian Ocean, southwest of the Bay of Bengal, separated from the Indian subcontinent, ...
, and the Malay region. Several geographically distinct forms or
subspecies In Taxonomy (biology), biological classification, subspecies (: subspecies) is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (Morphology (biology), morpholog ...
have been named:


Subspecies

The subspecies of ''Euploea klugii'' are: *'' Euploea klugii klugii'' (Moore, 1857) (northern
Bihar Bihar ( ) is a states and union territories of India, state in Eastern India. It is the list of states and union territories of India by population, second largest state by population, the List of states and union territories of India by are ...
; Sikkim to north-eastern
India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...
, northern
Myanmar Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; and also referred to as Burma (the official English name until 1989), is a country in northwest Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has ...
) *'' Euploea klugii erichsonii'' (C. & R. Felder, 1865) (southern Myanmar, northern Malaya) *'' Euploea klugii kollari'' ( C. & R. Felder, 1865) (Gujarat eastwards to West
Bengal Bengal ( ) is a Historical geography, historical geographical, ethnolinguistic and cultural term referring to a region in the Eastern South Asia, eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal. The region of Benga ...
and
Odisha Odisha (), formerly Orissa (List of renamed places in India, the official name until 2011), is a States and union territories of India, state located in East India, Eastern India. It is the List of states and union territories of India by ar ...
in India) *'' Euploea klugii sinhala'' ( Moore, 1877) (
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, also known historically as Ceylon, is an island country in South Asia. It lies in the Indian Ocean, southwest of the Bay of Bengal, separated from the Indian subcontinent, ...
) *'' Euploea klugii minorata'' (Moore, 1878) (
Hainan Hainan is an island provinces of China, province and the southernmost province of China. It consists of the eponymous Hainan Island and various smaller islands in the South China Sea under the province's administration. The name literally mean ...
) *'' Euploea klugii burmeisteri'' (Moore, 1883) (
Thailand Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939), is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. With a population of almost 66 million, it spa ...
,
Indochina Mainland Southeast Asia (historically known as Indochina and the Indochinese Peninsula) is the continental portion of Southeast Asia. It lies east of the Indian subcontinent and south of Mainland China and is bordered by the Indian Ocean to th ...
, south-eastern
China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...
, Hainan)


See also

*
Danainae Danainae is a subfamily of the family Nymphalidae, the brush-footed butterflies. The group may be referred to as the Danaids (reflecting their previous rank as a family) or milkweed butterflies, as they often lay their eggs on various milkweed ...
*
List of butterflies of India The following is a list of the butterflies of India. India has extremely diverse terrain, climate and vegetation, which comprises extremes of heat cold, desert and jungle, of low-lying plains and the highest mountains, of dryness and dampness, is ...
*
List of butterflies of India (Nymphalidae) This is a list of the butterflies of India belonging to the family Nymphalidae and an index to the species articles. This forms part of the full List of butterflies of India. Danainae (26 spp) See List of butterflies of India (Danainae). Morphi ...


References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2748418 klugii Taxa named by Frederic Moore Butterflies of Indochina Butterflies described in 1858 Butterflies of Sri Lanka Butterflies of Malaysia