Description
''Euphaedra'' are large and showy butterflies. They share a common wing shape. On the basal areas of the upperside of the wings (especially the hindwings) are large suffused patches of metallic green, blue, orange or red. Most species also have a cream or orange subapical bar. The undersides are various shades of yellow or green and marked with black streaks and spots. Many species also have pink patches or streaks on the undersides of the hindwings. The larvae are green, with yellow and pink markings and bear long and branched lateral spines.Biology
Green species or forms are found in rain forest, yellow species or forms typically occur in drier and often more patchy forests. This is a Crypsis, camouflage adaptation to particular forest light patterns. The larvae of most species feed on Sapindaceae others on Anacardiaceae, Rutaceae, Sterculiaceae, Annonaceae, Palmae.Taxonomy
''Euphaedra'' is a species rich genus. In the most recent monograph Jacques Hecq listed 180 species later adding 12. In many species the intraspecific variation is as great or greater than the interspecific variation and the Species problem, number of species may be smaller. Aurivillius had this to say "Several species or forms are noted for their extraordinary variability, whilst others hardly vary at all.As usual a whole series of species were formerly erected on the variable forms, but as these so-called species are connected by numerous transitional forms it is almost certain that we are here dealing with only some few species". The Alpha taxonomy, species level taxonomy of these Polymorphism (biology), polymorphic and also Hybrid (biology), hybridising butterflies is a challenge requiring a synthesis of studies of their evolutionary taxonomy, Sympatric speciation, sympatry and molecular phylogenetics in combination with detailed morphological studies. This is so far only partly achieved. The type species of the genus is ''Euphaedra cyparissa, Papilio cyparissa'' Pieter Cramer, Cramer.Species groups
Defining species groups is a convenient way of subdividing well-defined genera with a large number of recognized species. ''Euphaedra'' species are so arranged in assemblages called "species groups" (not superspecies, but an informal phenetic arrangement). These may or may not be clades. As molecular phylogenetic studies continue, lineages distinct enough to warrant some formal degree of recognition become evident and new groupings are suggested, but consistent ranking remains a problem.Species
Listed alphabetically within species groups: *Subgenus ''Proteuphaedra'' Hecq, 1976 **''Euphaedra adolfifrederici'' Schultze, 1920 **''Euphaedra aubergeri'' Hecq, 1977 **''Euphaedra aurivillii'' Niepelt, 1914 **''Euphaedra fucora'' Hecq, 1979 **''Euphaedra imperialis'' Lindemans, 1910 **''Euphaedra luperca'' Hewitson, 1864 **''Euphaedra lupercoides'' Rothschild, 1918 **''Euphaedra luteofasciata'' Hecq, 1979 **''Euphaedra marginalis'' Hecq, 1979 **''Euphaedra rubrocostata'' (Aurivillius, 1898) **''Euphaedra symphona'' Bethune-Baker, 1908 *Subgenus ''Medoniana'' Hecq, 1976 **''Euphaedra medon'' (Linnaeus, 1763) *Subgenus ''Gausapia'' Hecq, 1976 **The gausapia species group ***''Euphaedra calliope'' Hecq, 1981 ***''Euphaedra clio'' Hecq, 1981 ***''Euphaedra ducarmei'' Hecq, 1977 ***''Euphaedra extensa'' Hecq, 1981 ***''Euphaedra gausape'' (Butler, [1866]) ***''Euphaedra hastiri'' Hecq, 1981 ***''Euphaedra judith'' Weymer, 1892 ***''Euphaedra landbecki'' Rothschild, 1918 ***''Euphaedra melpomene'' Hecq, 1981 ***''Euphaedra ombrophila'' Hecq, 1981 ***''Euphaedra plantroui'' Hecq, 1981 **The ''zaddachi'' species group ***''Euphaedra athena'' Hecq & Joly, 2003 ***''Euphaedra barnsi'' Hecq, 1983 ***''Euphaedra christyi'' Sharpe, 1904 ***''Euphaedra erici'' Hecq & Joly, 1987 ***''Euphaedra mariaechristinae'' Hecq & Joly, 2003 ***''Euphaedra mbamou'' Hecq, 1987 ***''Euphaedra morini'' Hecq, 1983 ***''Euphaedra pallas'' Hecq, 2004 ***''Euphaedra thalie'' Hecq, 1981 ***''Euphaedra zaddachi'' Dewitz, 1879 *Subgenus ''Xypetana'' Hecq, 1976 **The ''xypete'' species group ***''Euphaedra acuta'' Hecq, 1977 ***''Euphaedra hebes'' Hecq, 1980 ***''Euphaedra hewitsoni'' Hecq, 1974 ***''Euphaedra larseni'' Hecq, 2005 ***''Euphaedra maxima'' Holland, 1920 ***''Euphaedra oremansi'' Hecq, 1996 ***''Euphaedra xypete'' (Hewitson, 1865) **The ''dargei'' species group ***''Euphaedra acutoides'' Hecq, 1996 ***''Euphaedra brevis'' Hecq, 1977 ***''Euphaedra dargei'' Hecq, 1975 ***''Euphaedra grandis'' Hecq, 1980 ***''Euphaedra graueri'' Rothschild, 1918 ***''Euphaedra herberti'' (Sharpe, 1891) ***''Euphaedra karschi'' Bartel, 1905 ***''Euphaedra lata'' Hecq, 1980 ***''Euphaedra ubangui'' Hecq, 1974 **The ''sinuosa'' species group ***''Euphaedra diffusa'' Gaede, 1916 ***''Euphaedra hollandi'' Hecq, 1974 ***''Euphaedra sinuosa'' Hecq, 1974 **The ''mirabilis'' species group ***''Euphaedra ansorgei'' Rothschild, 1918 ***''Euphaedra caerulescens'' Grose-Smith, 1890 ***''Euphaedra camiadei'' Hecq, 2004 ***''Euphaedra crockeri'' (Butler, 1869) ***''Euphaedra crossei'' Sharpe, 1902 ***''Euphaedra cuprea'' Hecq, 1980 ***''Euphaedra irangi'' Hecq, 2004 ***''Euphaedra jacqueshecqui'' Bollino, 1998 ***''Euphaedra mirabilis'' Hecq, 1980 ***''Euphaedra mondahensis'' van de Weghe, Oremans & Hecq, 2005 ***''Euphaedra pervaga'' Hecq, 1996 ***''Euphaedra romboutsi'' Hecq, 2004 *Subgenus ''Radia'' Hecq, 1976 **''Euphaedra eusemoides'' (Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1889) **''Euphaedra imitans'' Holland, 1893 *Subgenus ''Euphaedra'' **''Euphaedra cyparissa'' (Cramer, [1775]) **''Euphaedra sarcoptera'' (Butler, 1871) *Subgenus ''Euphaedrana'' Hecq, 1976 **The ''themis'' species group ***''Euphaedra aberrans'' Staudinger, 1891 ***''Euphaedra adonina'' (Hewitson, 1865) ***''Euphaedra apparata'' Hecq, 1982 ***''Euphaedra appositiva'' Hecq, 1982 ***''Euphaedra aureola'' Kirby, 1889 ***''Euphaedra campaspe'' (C. & R. Felder, [1867]) ***''Euphaedra canui'' Hecq, 1987 ***''Euphaedra centralis'' Hecq, 1985 ***''Euphaedra congo'' Hecq, 1985 ***''Euphaedra controversa'' Hecq, 1997 ***''Euphaedra eberti'' Aurivillius, 1896 ***''Euphaedra exerrata'' Hecq, 1982 ***''Euphaedra janetta'' (Butler, 1871) ***''Euphaedra justicia'' Staudinger, 1886 ***''Euphaedra laboureana'' Toulgoët, 1957 ***''Euphaedra laguerrei'' Hecq, 1979 ***''Euphaedra limbourgi'' Oremans, 2006 ***''Euphaedra minuta'' Hecq, 1982 ***''Euphaedra modesta'' Hecq, 1982 ***''Euphaedra permixtum'' (Butler, 1873) ***''Euphaedra piriformis'' Hecq, 1982 ***''Euphaedra splendens'' Hecq, 1982 ***''Euphaedra stellata'' Hecq, 1991 ***''Euphaedra temeraria'' Hecq, 2007 ***''Euphaedra themis'' (Hübner, [1807]) ***''Euphaedra ueleana'' Hecq, 1982 ***''Euphaedra uniformis'' (Neustetter, 1952) ***''Euphaedra vetusta'' (Butler, 1871) ***''Euphaedra viridirupta'' Hecq, 2007 **The ''ceres'' species group ***''Euphaedra afzelii'' (C. & R. Felder, [1867]) ***''Euphaedra ceres'' (Fabricius, 1775) ***''Euphaedra compacta'' Hecq, 1997 ***''Euphaedra cottoni'' Sharpe, 1907 ***''Euphaedra dargeana'' Hecq, 1980 ***''Euphaedra delera'' Hecq, 1983 ***''Euphaedra demeter'' Hecq, 1983 ***''Euphaedra densamacula'' Hecq, 1997 ***''Euphaedra fontainei'' Hecq, 1977 ***''Euphaedra francina'' Godart, [1824] ***''Euphaedra grilloti'' Hecq, 1983 ***''Euphaedra ignota'' Hecq, 1996 ***''Euphaedra inanum'' (Butler, 1873) ***''Euphaedra intermedia'' Rebel, 1914 ***''Euphaedra jacksoni'' Hecq, 1980 ***''Euphaedra jolyana'' Hecq, 1986 ***''Euphaedra knoopiana'' Hecq, 1995 ***''Euphaedra luteolucens'' Hecq, 1995 ***''Euphaedra margaritifera'' Schultze, 1920 ***''Euphaedra nigrocilia'' Lathy, 1903 ***''Euphaedra persephona'' Hecq, 1983 ***''Euphaedra phaethusa'' (Butler, [1866]) ***''Euphaedra phosphor'' Joicey & Talbot, 1921 ***''Euphaedra preussiana'' Gaede, 1916 ***''Euphaedra proserpina'' Hecq, 1983 ***''Euphaedra ravola'' (Hewitson, 1866) ***''Euphaedra regis-leopoldi'' Hecq, 1996 ***''Euphaedra regularis'' Hecq, 1983 ***''Euphaedra rezia'' (Hewitson, 1866) ***''Euphaedra sarita'' (Sharpe, 1891) ***''Euphaedra solida'' Hecq, 1997 ***''Euphaedra subprotea'' Hecq, 1986 ***''Euphaedra tenebrosa'' Hecq, 1983 ***''Euphaedra uganda'' Aurivillius, 1895 ***''Euphaedra velutina'' Hecq, 1997 ***''Euphaedra villiersi'' Condamin, 1964 ***''Euphaedra viridicaerulea'' Bartel, 1905 ***''Euphaedra wojtusiaki'' Hecq, 1993 **The ''preussi'' species group ***''Euphaedra albofasciata'' Berger, 1981 ***''Euphaedra bergeri'' Hecq, 1974 ***''Euphaedra cinnamomea'' Rothschild, 1918 ***''Euphaedra disjuncta'' Hecq, 1984 ***''Euphaedra fascinata'' Hecq, 1984 ***''Euphaedra fulvofasciata'' Holland, 1920 ***''Euphaedra illustris'' Talbot, 1927 ***''Euphaedra leloupi'' Overlaet, 1955 ***''Euphaedra margueriteae'' Hecq, 1978 ***''Euphaedra mayumbensis'' Hecq, 1984 ***''Euphaedra miranda'' Hecq, 1984 ***''Euphaedra neumanni'' Rothschild, 1902 ***''Euphaedra niveovittata'' Overlaet, 1955 ***''Euphaedra ochrovirens'' Hecq, 1984 ***''Euphaedra olivacea'' Grünberg, 1908 ***''Euphaedra overlaeti'' Hulstaert, 1926 ***''Euphaedra paradoxa'' Neave, 1904 ***''Euphaedra preussi'' Staudinger, 1891 ***''Euphaedra procera'' Hecq, 1984 ***''Euphaedra subprocera'' Hecq, 1984 ***''Euphaedra subviridis'' Holland, 1920 ***''Euphaedra vicina'' Hecq, 1984 ***''Euphaedra xerophila'' Hecq, 1974 **The ''eleus'' species group ***''Euphaedra alacris'' Hecq, 1978 ***''Euphaedra amieti'' Hecq, 1994 ***''Euphaedra asteria'' Hecq, 1993 ***''Euphaedra bouyeri'' Hecq, 1993 ***''Euphaedra castanoides'' Hecq, 1985 ***''Euphaedra cooksoni'' Druce, 1905 ***''Euphaedra confina'' Hecq, 1992 ***''Euphaedra coprates'' (Druce, 1875) ***''Euphaedra edwardsii'' (van der Hoeven, 1845) ***''Euphaedra eleus'' (Drury, 1782) ***''Euphaedra ferruginea'' Staudinger, 1886 ***''Euphaedra hybrida'' Hecq, 1978 ***''Euphaedra katangensis'' Talbot, 1927 ***''Euphaedra murphyi'' Hecq, 1991 ***''Euphaedra nigrobasalis'' Joicey & Talbot, 1921 ***''Euphaedra ochracea'' Hecq, 1978 ***''Euphaedra orientalis'' Rothschild, 1898 ***''Euphaedra perseis'' (Drury, 1773) ***''Euphaedra rattrayi'' Sharpe, 1904 ***''Euphaedra ruspina'' Hewitson, 1865 ***''Euphaedra sangbae'' Hecq, 1996 ***''Euphaedra semipreussiana'' Hecq, 1993 ***''Euphaedra simplex'' Hecq, 1978 ***''Euphaedra subferruginea'' Guillaumin, 1976 ***''Euphaedra variabilis'' Guillaumin, 1976 ***''Euphaedra zampa'' (Westwood, 1850) **The ''harpalyce'' species group ***''Euphaedra alava'' Hecq, 2000 ***''Euphaedra alboides'' Hecq, 1984 ***''Euphaedra alternus'' van Someren, 1935 ***''Euphaedra dubreka'' Collins & Larsen, 2005 ***''Euphaedra eupalus'' (Fabricius, 1781) ***''Euphaedra harpalyce'' (Cramer, [1777]) ***''Euphaedra losinga'' (Hewitson, 1864) ***''Euphaedra luafa'' Oremans, 1998 ***''Euphaedra occulta'' Hecq, 1982 ***''Euphaedra thierrybaulini'' Oremans, 1999 ***''Euphaedra vandeweghei'' Hecq, 2004 **Species group unknown ***''Euphaedra normalis'' Staudinger, 1891 *Subgenus ''Neophronia'' Hecq, 1985 **''Euphaedra neophron'' (Hopffer, 1855) *Subgenus unknown **''Euphaedra abri'' Faravel, 2005 **''Euphaedra castanea'' Berger, 1981 **''Euphaedra cuypersiana'' Hecq, 2006 **''Euphaedra mambili'' Hecq, 2001 **''Euphaedra opulenta'' Hecq & Van de Weghe, 2005 **''Euphaedra rex'' Stoneham, 1935 **''Euphaedra sabinae'' Faravel, 2002 **''Euphaedra sardetta'' Berger, 1981 **''Euphaedra vulnerata'' Schultze, 1916 **''Euphaedra wissmanni'' Niepelt, 1906References
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