''Euphaedra'' is a butterfly

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

in the subfamily

Limenitidinae The Limenitidinae are a subfamily of butterflies that includes the admirals and relatives. The common names of many species and genera reference military ranks or – namely the Adoliadini – titles of nobility (e.g., count, duke, earl, an ...

. The species are confined to the

Afrotropical realm The Afrotropical realm is one of the Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Sub-Saharan Africa, the southern Arabian Peninsula, the island of Madagascar, and the islands of the western Indian Ocean. It was formerly known as the Ethiopi ...

mainly in the

Guinean Forests of West Africa Forest along the Edéa.html" ;"title="Sanaga River at Edéa">Sanaga River at Edéa, Cameroon The Guinean forests of West Africa is a biodiversity hotspot designated by Conservation International, which includes the belt of Tropical and subtropi ...

and the Congolian forests.

Description

''Euphaedra'' are large and showy butterflies. They share a common wing shape. On the basal areas of the upperside of the wings (especially the hindwings) are large suffused patches of metallic green, blue, orange or red. Most species also have a cream or orange subapical bar. The undersides are various shades of yellow or green and marked with black streaks and spots. Many species also have pink patches or streaks on the undersides of the hindwings. The larvae are green, with yellow and pink markings and bear long and branched lateral spines.

Biology

Green species or forms are found in rain forest, yellow species or forms typically occur in drier and often more patchy forests. This is a camouflage adaptation to particular forest light patterns. The larvae of most species feed on

Sapindaceae The Sapindaceae are a family (biology), family of flowering plants in the order Sapindales known as the soapberry family. It contains 138 genera and 1,858 accepted species. Examples include Aesculus, horse chestnut, maples, ackee and lychee. The ...

others on

Anacardiaceae The Anacardiaceae, commonly known as the cashew family or sumac family, are a family of flowering plants, including about 83 genera with about 860 known species. Members of the Anacardiaceae bear fruits that are drupes and in some cases produce ...

Rutaceae The Rutaceae () is a family (biology), family, commonly known as the rueRUTACEAE
in Bo ...

Sterculiaceae Sterculiaceae was a family of flowering plant based on the genus '' Sterculia''. Genera formerly included in Sterculiaceae are now placed in the family Malvaceae, in the subfamilies: Byttnerioideae, Dombeyoideae, Helicteroideae and Sterculioide ...

Annonaceae The Annonaceae are a Family (biology), family of flowering plants consisting of trees, shrubs, or rarely lianas commonly known as the custard apple family or soursop family. With 108 accepted genera and about 2400 known species, it is the largest ...

Palmae The Arecaceae () is a family of perennial, flowering plants in the monocot order Arecales. Their growth form can be climbers, shrubs, tree-like and stemless plants, all commonly known as palms. Those having a tree-like form are colloquially c ...

Taxonomy

''Euphaedra'' is a species rich genus. In the most recent

monograph A monograph is generally a long-form work on one (usually scholarly) subject, or one aspect of a subject, typically created by a single author or artist (or, sometimes, by two or more authors). Traditionally it is in written form and published a ...

Jacques Hecq listed 180 species later adding 12. In many species the intraspecific variation is as great or greater than the interspecific variation and the number of species may be smaller. Aurivillius had this to say "Several species or forms are noted for their extraordinary variability, whilst others hardly vary at all.As usual a whole series of species were formerly erected on the variable forms, but as these so-called species are connected by numerous transitional forms it is almost certain that we are here dealing with only some few species". The species level taxonomy of these polymorphic and also hybridising butterflies is a challenge requiring a synthesis of studies of their

evolutionary taxonomy Evolutionary taxonomy, evolutionary systematics or Darwinian classification is a branch of biological classification that seeks to classify organisms using a combination of phylogenetic relationship (shared descent), progenitor-descendant relati ...

sympatry In biology, two closely related species or populations are considered sympatric when they exist in the same geographic area and thus frequently encounter each other. An initially interbreeding population that splits into two or more distinct spe ...

and

molecular phylogenetics Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

in combination with detailed morphological studies. This is so far only partly achieved. The

type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...

of the genus is '' Papilio cyparissa''

Cramer Cramer may refer to: Businesses * Cramer brothers, 18th century publishers * Cramer Systems, a software company * Cramer & Co., a former musical-related business in London Other uses * Cramer (surname), including a list of people and fictional ...

Species groups

Defining species groups is a convenient way of subdividing well-defined genera with a large number of recognized species. ''Euphaedra'' species are so arranged in assemblages called "species groups" (not

superspecies In biology, a species complex is a group of closely related organisms that are so similar in appearance and other features that the boundaries between them are often unclear. The taxa in the complex may be able to hybridize readily with each oth ...

, but an informal

phenetic In biology, phenetics (; ), also known as taximetrics, is an attempt to classify organisms based on overall similarity, usually with respect to Morphology (biology), morphology or other observable traits, regardless of their phylogeny or evoluti ...

arrangement). These may or may not be

clades In biology, a clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach to taxonomy ...

. As

molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

studies continue, lineages distinct enough to warrant some formal degree of recognition become evident and new groupings are suggested, but consistent ranking remains a problem.

Species

Listed alphabetically within species groups: *

Subgenus In biology, a subgenus ( subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus. In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between the ge ...

''Proteuphaedra'' Hecq, 1976 **''

Euphaedra adolfifrederici ''Euphaedra adolfifrederici'' is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found from Cameroon to the south-western part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), also known as the DR Congo, Con ...

'' Schultze, 1920 **'' Euphaedra aubergeri'' Hecq, 1977 **'' Euphaedra aurivillii'' Niepelt, 1914 **'' Euphaedra fucora'' Hecq, 1979 **'' Euphaedra imperialis'' Lindemans, 1910 **'' Euphaedra luperca'' Hewitson, 1864 **'' Euphaedra lupercoides'' Rothschild, 1918 **'' Euphaedra luteofasciata'' Hecq, 1979 **'' Euphaedra marginalis'' Hecq, 1979 **'' Euphaedra rubrocostata'' (Aurivillius, 1898) **'' Euphaedra symphona'' Bethune-Baker, 1908 *Subgenus ''Medoniana'' Hecq, 1976 **'' Euphaedra medon'' (Linnaeus, 1763) *Subgenus ''Gausapia'' Hecq, 1976 **The gausapia

species group In biology, a species complex is a group of closely related organisms that are so similar in appearance and other features that the boundaries between them are often unclear. The taxa in the complex may be able to hybridize readily with each oth ...

***'' Euphaedra calliope'' Hecq, 1981 ***'' Euphaedra clio'' Hecq, 1981 ***'' Euphaedra ducarmei'' Hecq, 1977 ***'' Euphaedra extensa'' Hecq, 1981 ***'' Euphaedra gausape'' (Butler,

866 __NOTOC__ Year 866 ( DCCCLXVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * April 21 – Bardas, the regent of the Byzantine Empire, is murdered by Basil the Macedonian at Miletu ...

***'' Euphaedra hastiri'' Hecq, 1981 ***'' Euphaedra judith'' Weymer, 1892 ***'' Euphaedra landbecki'' Rothschild, 1918 ***'' Euphaedra melpomene'' Hecq, 1981 ***'' Euphaedra ombrophila'' Hecq, 1981 ***'' Euphaedra plantroui'' Hecq, 1981 **The ''zaddachi'' species group ***'' Euphaedra athena'' Hecq & Joly, 2003 ***'' Euphaedra barnsi'' Hecq, 1983 ***'' Euphaedra christyi'' Sharpe, 1904 ***'' Euphaedra erici'' Hecq & Joly, 1987 ***'' Euphaedra mariaechristinae'' Hecq & Joly, 2003 ***'' Euphaedra mbamou'' Hecq, 1987 ***'' Euphaedra morini'' Hecq, 1983 ***'' Euphaedra pallas'' Hecq, 2004 ***'' Euphaedra thalie'' Hecq, 1981 ***'' Euphaedra zaddachi'' Dewitz, 1879 *Subgenus ''Xypetana'' Hecq, 1976 **The ''xypete'' species group ***'' Euphaedra acuta'' Hecq, 1977 ***'' Euphaedra hebes'' Hecq, 1980 ***'' Euphaedra hewitsoni'' Hecq, 1974 ***'' Euphaedra larseni'' Hecq, 2005 ***'' Euphaedra maxima'' Holland, 1920 ***'' Euphaedra oremansi'' Hecq, 1996 ***'' Euphaedra xypete'' (Hewitson, 1865) **The ''dargei'' species group ***'' Euphaedra acutoides'' Hecq, 1996 ***'' Euphaedra brevis'' Hecq, 1977 ***'' Euphaedra dargei'' Hecq, 1975 ***'' Euphaedra grandis'' Hecq, 1980 ***'' Euphaedra graueri'' Rothschild, 1918 ***'' Euphaedra herberti'' (Sharpe, 1891) ***'' Euphaedra karschi'' Bartel, 1905 ***'' Euphaedra lata'' Hecq, 1980 ***'' Euphaedra ubangui'' Hecq, 1974 **The ''sinuosa'' species group ***'' Euphaedra diffusa'' Gaede, 1916 ***'' Euphaedra hollandi'' Hecq, 1974 ***'' Euphaedra sinuosa'' Hecq, 1974 **The ''mirabilis'' species group ***'' Euphaedra ansorgei'' Rothschild, 1918 ***'' Euphaedra caerulescens'' Grose-Smith, 1890 ***'' Euphaedra camiadei'' Hecq, 2004 ***'' Euphaedra crockeri'' (Butler, 1869) ***'' Euphaedra crossei'' Sharpe, 1902 ***'' Euphaedra cuprea'' Hecq, 1980 ***'' Euphaedra irangi'' Hecq, 2004 ***'' Euphaedra jacqueshecqui'' Bollino, 1998 ***'' Euphaedra mirabilis'' Hecq, 1980 ***'' Euphaedra mondahensis'' van de Weghe, Oremans & Hecq, 2005 ***'' Euphaedra pervaga'' Hecq, 1996 ***'' Euphaedra romboutsi'' Hecq, 2004 *Subgenus ''Radia'' Hecq, 1976 **'' Euphaedra eusemoides'' (Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1889) **'' Euphaedra imitans'' Holland, 1893 *Subgenus ''Euphaedra'' **''

Euphaedra cyparissa ''Euphaedra cyparissa'', the true forester, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo ...

'' (Cramer, 775 **'' Euphaedra sarcoptera'' (Butler, 1871) *Subgenus ''Euphaedrana'' Hecq, 1976 **The ''themis'' species group ***'' Euphaedra aberrans'' Staudinger, 1891 ***'' Euphaedra adonina'' (Hewitson, 1865) ***'' Euphaedra apparata'' Hecq, 1982 ***'' Euphaedra appositiva'' Hecq, 1982 ***'' Euphaedra aureola'' Kirby, 1889 ***'' Euphaedra campaspe'' (C. & R. Felder, 867 ***'' Euphaedra canui'' Hecq, 1987 ***'' Euphaedra centralis'' Hecq, 1985 ***'' Euphaedra congo'' Hecq, 1985 ***'' Euphaedra controversa'' Hecq, 1997 ***'' Euphaedra eberti'' Aurivillius, 1896 ***'' Euphaedra exerrata'' Hecq, 1982 ***'' Euphaedra janetta'' (Butler, 1871) ***'' Euphaedra justicia'' Staudinger, 1886 ***'' Euphaedra laboureana'' Toulgoët, 1957 ***'' Euphaedra laguerrei'' Hecq, 1979 ***'' Euphaedra limbourgi'' Oremans, 2006 ***'' Euphaedra minuta'' Hecq, 1982 ***'' Euphaedra modesta'' Hecq, 1982 ***'' Euphaedra permixtum'' (Butler, 1873) ***'' Euphaedra piriformis'' Hecq, 1982 ***'' Euphaedra splendens'' Hecq, 1982 ***'' Euphaedra stellata'' Hecq, 1991 ***'' Euphaedra temeraria'' Hecq, 2007 ***'' Euphaedra themis'' (Hübner,

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***'' Euphaedra ueleana'' Hecq, 1982 ***'' Euphaedra uniformis'' (Neustetter, 1952) ***'' Euphaedra vetusta'' (Butler, 1871) ***'' Euphaedra viridirupta'' Hecq, 2007 **The ''ceres'' species group ***'' Euphaedra afzelii'' (C. & R. Felder, 867 ***'' Euphaedra ceres'' (Fabricius, 1775) ***'' Euphaedra compacta'' Hecq, 1997 ***'' Euphaedra cottoni'' Sharpe, 1907 ***'' Euphaedra dargeana'' Hecq, 1980 ***'' Euphaedra delera'' Hecq, 1983 ***'' Euphaedra demeter'' Hecq, 1983 ***'' Euphaedra densamacula'' Hecq, 1997 ***'' Euphaedra fontainei'' Hecq, 1977 ***'' Euphaedra francina'' Godart, 824/small> ***'' Euphaedra grilloti'' Hecq, 1983 ***'' Euphaedra ignota'' Hecq, 1996 ***'' Euphaedra inanum'' (Butler, 1873) ***'' Euphaedra intermedia'' Rebel, 1914 ***'' Euphaedra jacksoni'' Hecq, 1980 ***'' Euphaedra jolyana'' Hecq, 1986 ***'' Euphaedra knoopiana'' Hecq, 1995 ***'' Euphaedra luteolucens'' Hecq, 1995 ***'' Euphaedra margaritifera'' Schultze, 1920 ***'' Euphaedra nigrocilia'' Lathy, 1903 ***'' Euphaedra persephona'' Hecq, 1983 ***'' Euphaedra phaethusa'' (Butler,

***'' Euphaedra phosphor'' Joicey & Talbot, 1921 ***'' Euphaedra preussiana'' Gaede, 1916 ***'' Euphaedra proserpina'' Hecq, 1983 ***'' Euphaedra ravola'' (Hewitson, 1866) ***'' Euphaedra regis-leopoldi'' Hecq, 1996 ***'' Euphaedra regularis'' Hecq, 1983 ***'' Euphaedra rezia'' (Hewitson, 1866) ***'' Euphaedra sarita'' (Sharpe, 1891) ***'' Euphaedra solida'' Hecq, 1997 ***'' Euphaedra subprotea'' Hecq, 1986 ***'' Euphaedra tenebrosa'' Hecq, 1983 ***'' Euphaedra uganda'' Aurivillius, 1895 ***'' Euphaedra velutina'' Hecq, 1997 ***'' Euphaedra villiersi'' Condamin, 1964 ***'' Euphaedra viridicaerulea'' Bartel, 1905 ***'' Euphaedra wojtusiaki'' Hecq, 1993 **The ''preussi'' species group ***'' Euphaedra albofasciata'' Berger, 1981 ***'' Euphaedra bergeri'' Hecq, 1974 ***'' Euphaedra cinnamomea'' Rothschild, 1918 ***'' Euphaedra disjuncta'' Hecq, 1984 ***'' Euphaedra fascinata'' Hecq, 1984 ***'' Euphaedra fulvofasciata'' Holland, 1920 ***'' Euphaedra illustris'' Talbot, 1927 ***'' Euphaedra leloupi'' Overlaet, 1955 ***'' Euphaedra margueriteae'' Hecq, 1978 ***'' Euphaedra mayumbensis'' Hecq, 1984 ***'' Euphaedra miranda'' Hecq, 1984 ***'' Euphaedra neumanni'' Rothschild, 1902 ***'' Euphaedra niveovittata'' Overlaet, 1955 ***'' Euphaedra ochrovirens'' Hecq, 1984 ***'' Euphaedra olivacea'' Grünberg, 1908 ***'' Euphaedra overlaeti'' Hulstaert, 1926 ***'' Euphaedra paradoxa'' Neave, 1904 ***'' Euphaedra preussi'' Staudinger, 1891 ***'' Euphaedra procera'' Hecq, 1984 ***'' Euphaedra subprocera'' Hecq, 1984 ***'' Euphaedra subviridis'' Holland, 1920 ***'' Euphaedra vicina'' Hecq, 1984 ***'' Euphaedra xerophila'' Hecq, 1974 **The ''eleus'' species group ***'' Euphaedra alacris'' Hecq, 1978 ***'' Euphaedra amieti'' Hecq, 1994 ***'' Euphaedra asteria'' Hecq, 1993 ***'' Euphaedra bouyeri'' Hecq, 1993 ***'' Euphaedra castanoides'' Hecq, 1985 ***'' Euphaedra cooksoni'' Druce, 1905 ***'' Euphaedra confina'' Hecq, 1992 ***'' Euphaedra coprates'' (Druce, 1875) ***'' Euphaedra edwardsii'' (van der Hoeven, 1845) ***'' Euphaedra eleus'' (Drury, 1782) ***'' Euphaedra ferruginea'' Staudinger, 1886 ***'' Euphaedra hybrida'' Hecq, 1978 ***'' Euphaedra katangensis'' Talbot, 1927 ***'' Euphaedra murphyi'' Hecq, 1991 ***'' Euphaedra nigrobasalis'' Joicey & Talbot, 1921 ***'' Euphaedra ochracea'' Hecq, 1978 ***'' Euphaedra orientalis'' Rothschild, 1898 ***'' Euphaedra perseis'' (Drury, 1773) ***'' Euphaedra rattrayi'' Sharpe, 1904 ***'' Euphaedra ruspina'' Hewitson, 1865 ***'' Euphaedra sangbae'' Hecq, 1996 ***'' Euphaedra semipreussiana'' Hecq, 1993 ***'' Euphaedra simplex'' Hecq, 1978 ***'' Euphaedra subferruginea'' Guillaumin, 1976 ***'' Euphaedra variabilis'' Guillaumin, 1976 ***'' Euphaedra zampa'' (Westwood, 1850) **The ''harpalyce'' species group ***'' Euphaedra alava'' Hecq, 2000 ***'' Euphaedra alboides'' Hecq, 1984 ***'' Euphaedra alternus'' van Someren, 1935 ***'' Euphaedra dubreka'' Collins & Larsen, 2005 ***'' Euphaedra eupalus'' (Fabricius, 1781) ***'' Euphaedra harpalyce'' (Cramer, 777 ***'' Euphaedra losinga'' (Hewitson, 1864) ***'' Euphaedra luafa'' Oremans, 1998 ***'' Euphaedra occulta'' Hecq, 1982 ***'' Euphaedra thierrybaulini'' Oremans, 1999 ***'' Euphaedra vandeweghei'' Hecq, 2004 **Species group unknown ***'' Euphaedra normalis'' Staudinger, 1891 *Subgenus ''Neophronia'' Hecq, 1985 **'' Euphaedra neophron'' (Hopffer, 1855) *Subgenus unknown **'' Euphaedra abri'' Faravel, 2005 **'' Euphaedra castanea'' Berger, 1981 **'' Euphaedra cuypersiana'' Hecq, 2006 **'' Euphaedra mambili'' Hecq, 2001 **'' Euphaedra opulenta'' Hecq & Van de Weghe, 2005 **'' Euphaedra rex'' Stoneham, 1935 **'' Euphaedra sabinae'' Faravel, 2002 **'' Euphaedra sardetta'' Berger, 1981 **'' Euphaedra vulnerata'' Schultze, 1916 **'' Euphaedra wissmanni'' Niepelt, 1906

References

Seitz, A. ''Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde'' 13: Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter. Plate XIII 42 et seq.Seitz, A. ''Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde'' 13: Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter. Text (in German)
*van Someren, Victor Gurner Logan; & Rogers, K. (1934) The Butterflies of Kenya and Uganda. II, part 1: Euphaedra. ''The Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society'' 12, pp. 8-89

External links

Images representing ''Euphaedra''
at Barcodes of Life
Genus ''Euphaedra'' at EOL
images
''Euphaedra'' types

Royal Museum for Central Africa The Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA) (; ; ), communicating under the name AfricaMuseum since 2018, is an ethnography and natural history museum situated in Tervuren in Flemish Brabant, Belgium, just outside Brussels. It was originally b ...

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Pteron
Japanese - images. {{Taxonbar , from=Q1757703 Nymphalidae genera Limenitidinae Taxa named by Jacob Hübner