''Eupatorium'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. They include all forbs (flowering plants without a woody stem), grasses and grass-like plants, a vast majority of ...

s in the family

Asteraceae The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae ...

, containing from 36 to 60

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of ...

depending on the classification system. Most are

herbaceous Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials. Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous" The fourth edition ...

perennial A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wide ...

s growing to tall. A few are shrubs. The genus is native to

temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout t ...

regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most are commonly called bonesets, thoroughworts or snakeroots in North America. The genus is named for

Mithridates Eupator Mithridates or Mithradates VI Eupator ( grc-gre, Μιθραδάτης; 135–63 BC) was ruler of the Kingdom of Pontus in northern Anatolia from 120 to 63 BC, and one of the Roman Republic's most formidable and determined opponents. He was an e ...

, king of

Pontus Pontus or Pontos may refer to: * Short Latin name for the Pontus Euxinus, the Greek name for the Black Sea (aka the Euxine sea) * Pontus (mythology), a sea god in Greek mythology * Pontus (region), on the southern coast of the Black Sea, in modern ...

Systematics and taxonomy

''Eupatorium'' has at times been held to contain as many as 800 species, but many of these have been moved (at least by some authors) to other genera, including ''

Ageratina ''Ageratina'' (snakeroot) is a genus of more than 330 perennials and rounded shrubs in the family Asteraceae. These plants grow mainly in the warmer regions of the Americas and West Indies. Over 150 species are native to Mexico. Some flourish ...

'', ''

Chromolaena ''Chromolaena'' is a genus of about 165 species of perennials and shrubs in the family Asteraceae. The name is derived from the Greek words (), meaning "color", and () or () meaning "cloak". It refers to the colored phyllaries of some specie ...

'', ''

Condylidium ''Condylidium'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.D.J.N.Hind & H.E.Robinson. 2007. Tribe Eupatorieae In: ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' vol.VIII. (Joachim W.Kadereit & Charles Jeffrey, volume editors. Klaus ...

'', ''

Conoclinium ''Conoclinium'', the mistflowers, is a genus of four species of herbaceous perennial flowering plants, native to North America. They are tall, and have blue to purple or violet flowers (occasionally white). The plants of this genus have someti ...

'', ''

Critonia ''Critonia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Eupatorieae of the family Asteraceae. The most notable trait that characterizes the genus is the presence of pellucid punctations caused by internal secretory pockets of the leaves - to be ...

'', '' Cronquistianthus'', ''

Eutrochium ''Eutrochium'' is a North American genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. They are commonly referred to as Joe-Pye weeds. They are native to the United States and Canada, and have non-dissected foliage and pigmented flowe ...

'', ''

Fleischmannia ''Fleischmannia'' is a genus of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. The name honours Gottfried F. Fleischmann (1777–1850), the teacher of Carl Heinrich Schultz at University of Erlangen–Nuremberg. Members of the genus are native to So ...

'', '' Flyriella'', '' Hebeclinium'', ''

Koanophyllon ''Koanophyllon'' is a genus of plants in the family Asteraceae. They are perennials and shrubs (rarely vines or trees) and are native to South America, Central America, the West Indies, Mexico, with a few species range extending into the United S ...

'', ''

Mikania ''Mikania'' is a genus of about 450 species of plants in the tribe Eupatorieae within the family Asteraceae. The name honors the Czech botanist Johann Christian Mikan, 1743–1814. Members of the genus are stem twiners and lianas and are com ...

'', and '' Tamaulipa''. The classification of the tribe

Eupatorieae Eupatorieae is a tribe of over 2000D.J.N.Hind & H.E.Robinson. 2007. Tribe Eupatorieae In: ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' vol.VIII. (Joachim W.Kadereit & Charles Jeffrey, volume editors. Klaus Kubitzky, general editor). Springer-V ...

, including species placed in ''Eupatorium'' in the present or past, is an area of ongoing research, so further changes are likely. What seems fairly certain by now is that there is a

monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic ...

group containing ''Eupatorium'' (about 42 species of white flowered plants in North America, Europe and Asia, but not South America) and the Joe-pye weeds (''

''), and possibly others.

Uses

''Eupatorium'' are grown as

ornamental plant Ornamental plants or garden plants are plants that are primarily grown for their beauty but also for qualities such as scent or how they shape physical space. Many flowering plants and garden varieties tend to be specially bred cultivars that ...

s, particularly in Asia. A number of popular ornamental plants formerly included in ''Eupatorium'' have been moved to other genera, such as '' Bartlettina'' and ''

''.

Tobacco leaf curl virus Tobacco leaf curl viruses (TLCV) are several species of plant pathogenic viruses in the genus '' Begomovirus''. References Further reading * External linksICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database: Tobacco leaf curl virus pathogen In biology, a pathogen ( el, πάθος, "suffering", "passion" and , "producer of") in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease. A pathogen may also be referred to as an infectious agent, or simply a ger ...

occasionally affecting plants of this genus. The foliage is eaten by some Lepidoptera larvae, including those of ''

Orthonama obstipata ''Orthonama obstipata'', the gem, is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1794. It is a cosmopolitan species. In continental Europe though in the northeast, its range does not signi ...

'' (The Gem).

Medical use

The common names for the plants are all based on the previous usage of one species, '' Eupatorium perfoliatum'', as an herbal medicine. Despite its name, boneset is not used to treat broken bones, instead the common name apparently derives from the herb's use to treat

dengue fever Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. Symptoms typically begin three to fourteen days after infection. These may include a high fever, headache, vomiting, muscle and joint pains, and a characteristic ...

, which was also called breakbone fever because of the pain that it caused. The name thoroughwort also comes from ''Eupatorium perfoliatum'', and refers to the perfoliate leaves, in which the stem appears to pierce the leaf (i.e. go through, note that in older usage "thorough" was not distinguished from "through", compare for example the word thoroughfare). Boneset, although

poison Poison is a chemical substance that has a detrimental effect to life. The term is used in a wide range of scientific fields and industries, where it is often specifically defined. It may also be applied colloquially or figuratively, with a broa ...

ous to humans and grazing

livestock Livestock are the domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to provide labor and produce diversified products for consumption such as meat, eggs, milk, fur, leather, and wool. The term is sometimes used to refer solely to anima ...

, has been used in

folk medicine Traditional medicine (also known as indigenous medicine or folk medicine) comprises medical aspects of traditional knowledge that developed over generations within the folk beliefs of various societies, including indigenous peoples, before the ...

, for instance to excrete excess

uric acid Uric acid is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3. It forms ions and salts known as urates and acid urates, such as ammonium acid urate. Uric acid is a product of the metabolic breakdown ...

which causes

gout Gout ( ) is a form of inflammatory arthritis characterized by recurrent attacks of a red, tender, hot and swollen joint, caused by deposition of monosodium urate monohydrate crystals. Pain typically comes on rapidly, reaching maximal intens ...

. Caution is advised when using boneset, since it contains

toxic Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a subs ...

compounds that can cause

liver The liver is a major organ only found in vertebrates which performs many essential biological functions such as detoxification of the organism, and the synthesis of proteins and biochemicals necessary for digestion and growth. In humans, it ...

damage. Side effects include muscular tremors, weakness, and

constipation Constipation is a bowel dysfunction that makes bowel movements infrequent or hard to pass. The stool is often hard and dry. Other symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, and feeling as if one has not completely passed the bowel moveme ...

; overdoses may be deadly.

Selected species

North America

* ''

Eupatorium album ''Eupatorium album'', or white thoroughwort, is a herbaceous perennial plant in the family Asteraceae native from the eastern and southern United States, from eastern Texas to Connecticut, inland as far as Indiana. As with other members of ...

'' L.– white thoroughwortSchmidt & Schilling (2000) * ''

Eupatorium altissimum ''Eupatorium altissimum'', with the common names tall thoroughwort and tall boneset, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the Asteraceae family with a native range including much of the eastern and central United States and Canada. It is a tall pla ...

'' L. – tall thoroughwort *''

Eupatorium anomalum ''Eupatorium anomalum'', commonly called Florida thoroughwort, is a North American species in the family Asteraceae. It grows in the southeastern United States from Alabama to Virginia. Molecular investigations suggest that it originated as a ...

'' Nash – Florida thoroughwort

apomictic In botany, apomixis is asexual reproduction without fertilization. Its etymology is Greek for "away from" + "mixing". This definition notably does not mention meiosis. Thus "normal asexual reproduction" of plants, such as propagation from cutt ...

hybrid derivative of ''

Eupatorium mohrii ''Eupatorium mohrii'', commonly called Mohr's thoroughwort, is a herbaceous perennial plant in the family Asteraceae native to the southeastern and south-central states of the United States, in the coastal plain from Virginia to Texas. It has ...

'' and '' Eupatorium rotundifolium'' * ''

Eupatorium capillifolium ''Eupatorium capillifolium'', or dogfennel (also written "dog fennel"), is a North American perennial herbaceous plant in the family Asteraceae, native to the eastern and south-central United States. It is generally between 50 cm and 2 meter ...

'' (Lamarck) Small – dog-fennel * ''

Eupatorium compositifolium ''Eupatorium compositifolium'', commonly called Yankeeweed, is a North American herbaceous perennial plant in the family Asteraceae native to the southern United States (from North Carolina to Florida and Texas). Like other members of the ge ...

'' Walter – Yankeeweed * ''

Eupatorium godfreyanum ''Eupatorium godfreyanum'', commonly called Godfrey’s thoroughwort, is a North American species of plants in the family Asteraceae. It is found in the east-central United States, primarily from Pennsylvania to North Carolina, with a few isolate ...

'' Cronquist,

hybrid derivative of '' Eupatorium rotundifolium'' and ''

Eupatorium sessilifolium ''Eupatorium sessilifolium'', commonly called upland boneset or sessile-leaved boneset, is a North American plant species in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the eastern and central United States, found from Maine south to North Carolina ...

'' * ''

Eupatorium hyssopifolium ''Eupatorium hyssopifolium'', also known as hyssopleaf thoroughwort, is a fall-blooming herbaceous plant native to North America. Like other members of the genus '' Eupatorium'' it has inflorescences containing a large number of very small flo ...

'' L. – hyssop-leaved thoroughwort * ''

Eupatorium lancifolium ''Eupatorium lancifolium,'' commonly called lanceleaf thoroughwort, is a North American herbaceous perennial plant in the family Asteraceae native to the south-central United States (Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas). It is r ...

'' (Torrey & A.Gray) Small – lance-leaved thoroughwort * '' Eupatorium leptophyllum'' DC. – false fennel * '' Eupatorium leucolepis'' (DC.) Torrey & A.Gray – justiceweed * ''

Eupatorium linearifolium ''Eupatorium linearifolium'' is a fall-blooming herbaceous plant native to North America. Like other members of the genus ''Eupatorium'' it has inflorescences containing a large number of small white flower heads, each with 5 disc florets but no ...

'' Walter – (''Eupatorium cuneifolium'') * '' Eupatorium maritimum'' E.E.Schill. –

hybrid derivative of ''

'' and '' Eupatorium serotinum'' * '' Eupatorium mikanioides'' Chapman – semaphore thoroughwort * ''

'' Greene – Mohr's thoroughwort *''

Eupatorium novae-angliae ''Eupatorium novae-angliae'', commonly called New England boneset, New England justiceweed or New England thoroughwort,apomictic In botany, apomixis is asexual reproduction without fertilization. Its etymology is Greek for "away from" + "mixing". This definition notably does not mention meiosis. Thus "normal asexual reproduction" of plants, such as propagation from cutt ...

hybrid derivative of ''

Eupatorium paludicola ''Eupatorium paludicola'', also called swamp justiceweed, is a rare North American species of plant in the family Asteraceae, found only in the States of North Carolina and South Carolina in the southeastern United States. ''Eupatorium paludi ...

'' and '' Eupatorium perfoliatum'' * ''

'' E.E.Schill. & LeBlond – swamp thoroughwort, until 2007 classified as part of '' Eupatorium leucolepis'' * '' Eupatorium perfoliatum'' L. – common boneset * ''

Eupatorium petaloideum ''Eupatorium album'', or white thoroughwort, is a herbaceous perennial plant in the family Asteraceae native from the eastern and southern United States, from eastern Texas to Connecticut, inland as far as Indiana. As with other members of ...

'' Britton – showy white thoroughwort, often considered to be part of ''

'' * ''

Eupatorium pilosum ''Eupatorium pilosum'', common name rough boneset, is a rare North American species of plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the eastern and south-central United States, found in every coastal state from Massachusetts to Texas, and as f ...

'' Walter – rough boneset, often considered to be part of '' Eupatorium rotundifolium'' * ''

Eupatorium resinosum ''Eupatorium resinosum'', the pine barren thoroughwort, is a rare North American plant species in the family Asteraceae. ''Eupatorium resinosum'' is native to the eastern coastal states of the United States, though with a discontinuous distribut ...

'' Torrey ex DC. – pine barren boneset * '' Eupatorium rotundifolium'' L. – round-leaved thoroughwort * ''

Eupatorium semiserratum ''Eupatorium semiserratum'', commonly called smallflower thoroughwort, is a North American plant species in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the southeastern and south-central United States, found in all the coastal states from Maryland to ...

'' DC. – smallflower thoroughwort * '' Eupatorium serotinum'' L. – late boneset, late thoroughwort * ''

'' L. – upland boneset * ''

Eupatorium sullivaniae ''Eupatorium'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, containing from 36 to 60 species depending on the classification system. Most are herbaceous perennials growing to tall. A few are shrubs. The genus is native to temperate ...

'' E.E.Schill. –

hybrid derivative of ''

'' and ''

Europe

* ''

Eupatorium cannabinum ''Eupatorium cannabinum'', commonly known as hemp-agrimony, or holy rope, is a herbaceous plant in the family Asteraceae. It is a robust perennial native to many areas of Europe. The alkaloids may be present in the plant material as their N-ox ...

'' L. – hemp-agrimony

Asia

* ''

Eupatorium amabile ''Eupatorium amabile'' is a shrubby plant in the family Asteraceae The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referre ...

'' Kitam. * ''

Eupatorium benguetense ''Eupatorium benguetense'' is a plant species in the family Asteraceae The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly ...

'' C.Robinson * ''

Eupatorium camiguinense ''Eupatorium camiguinense'' is a plant species in the family Asteraceae The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly re ...

'' Merr. * ''

Eupatorium chinense ''Eupatorium chinense'' is a plant species in the family Asteraceae. The exact boundaries of this species have been defined differently by different authors. King and Robinson's 1987 paper defines it broadly, to include ''Eupatorium japonicum' ...

'' L. * ''

Eupatorium formosanum ''Eupatorium formosanum'' is a plant species in the family Asteraceae. It is found in Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands (Japan). It is a perennial A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' pe ...

'' Hayata * ''

Eupatorium fortunei ''Eupatorium fortunei'' is a plant species in the family Asteraceae native from Asia where it is rare in the wild but commonly cultivated. The white to reddish colored flowers and herbage smell like lavender when crushed. In China the plants are ...

'' Turcz. – ''fujibakama'', ''pei lan'' * ''

Eupatorium japonicum ''Eupatorium japonicum'', known as fragrant eupatorium in English and 白头婆 bai tou po, in Chinese, is a herbaceous plant species in the family Asteraceae. It is native to China, Japan and Korea. Description ''Eupatorium japonicum'' is a ...

'' Thunb. (often included in ''E. chinense'') * ''

Eupatorium lindleyanum ''Eupatorium lindleyanum'' is a herbaceous perennial plant in the family Asteraceae The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. ...

'' DC. * ''

Eupatorium luchuense ''Eupatorium luchuense'' is a plant species in the family Asteraceae found in Taiwan. References luchuense {{Eupatorieae-stub ...

'' Nakai * ''Eupatorium makinoi'' T.Kawahara & T.Yahara (see ''E. chinense'') * ''

Eupatorium nodiflorum ''Eupatorium cannabinum'', commonly known as hemp-agrimony, or holy rope, is a herbaceous plant in the family Asteraceae. It is a robust perennial native to many areas of Europe. The alkaloids may be present in the plant material as their N-ox ...

'' DC. * ''

Eupatorium quaternum ''Eupatorium quaternum'' is a plant species in the family Asteraceae. References quaternum {{Eupatorieae-stub ...

'' DC. * ''

Eupatorium sambucifolium ''Eupatorium sambucifolium'' is a plant species in the family Asteraceae The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly ...

'' Elmer * '' Eupatorium shimadai'' Kitam. * ''

Eupatorium squamosum ''Eupatorium squamosum'' is a plant species in the family Asteraceae The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly refer ...

'' D.Don * ''

Eupatorium tashiroi ''Eupatorium tashiroi'' is a plant species in the family Asteraceae. References tashiroi Plants described in 1904 {{Eupatorieae-stub ...

'' Hayata * ''

Eupatorium toppingianum ''Eupatorium toppingianum'' is a plant species in the family Asteraceae. It contains substituted chromenes which have anti-microbial properties. References {{Taxonbar, from=Q5409981 toppingianum ...

'' Elmer * ''

Eupatorium variabile ''Eupatorium variabile'' is a plant species in the family Asteraceae The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly refer ...

'' Makino * ''

Eupatorium yakushimaense ''Eupatorium yakushimaense'' is a plant species in the family Asteraceae. References yakushimaense Plants described in 1933 {{Eupatorieae-stub ...

'' Masam. & Kitam

Moved to other genera

* ''Eupatorium adamantium''

Gardner Gardner may refer to: Name *Gardner (given name) *Gardner (surname) Places United States *Gardner, Colorado * Gardner, Illinois *Gardner, Kansas *Gardner, Massachusetts *Gardner, North Dakota *Gardner, Tennessee * Gardner, Wisconsin * Glen Gardn ...

(moved to ''

'') * ''Eupatorium amygdalinum'' (moved to '' Ayapana'') * ''Eupatorium ayapana'' – aya-pana, water hemp (moved to '' Ayapana triplinervis'') * ''Eupatorium bracteatum'' Gardn. (moved to '' Stomatanthes, S. pernambucensis'') * ''Eupatorium coelestinum'' – mistflower (moved to ''

'') * ''Eupatorium collinum'' (moved to ''

collina'') * ''Eupatorium itatiayense'' Georg Hans Emmo Wolfgang Hieronymus, Hieron. (moved to ''

Symphyopappus ''Symphyopappus'' is a genus of South American plants in the tribe Eupatorieae within the family Asteraceae.Aristeguietia gayana ''Aristeguietia gayana'', or asmachilca, is a bush that grows up to 1 meter in height. It grows in the west-facing mountainsides and interandean valleys between 3600–4000 meters in altitude. Asmachilca is only found in Peru. It was traditiona ...

'') * ''Eupatorium laevigatum'' DC. (moved to ''

'') * ''Eupatorium ligustrinum'' (moved to ''

ligustrina'') * ''Eupatorium maculatum'' (moved to ''

Eutrochium maculatum ''Eutrochium maculatum'', the spotted joe-pyeweed, is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is widespread through much of the United States and Canada. It is the only species of the genus ''Eutrochium'' found ...

'') Joe-Pye weed * ''Eupatorium maximiliani'' Schrad. ex

DC. Augustin Pyramus (or Pyrame) de Candolle (, , ; 4 February 17789 September 1841) was a Swiss botanist. René Louiche Desfontaines launched de Candolle's botanical career by recommending him at a herbarium. Within a couple of years de Candolle ...

(moved to ''

'') * ''Eupatorium megalophyllum'' (moved to ''

Bartlettina sordida ''Bartlettina sordida'', the purple torch or blue mist flower, is a flowering plant which is endemic to cloud forest habitats in Mexico.Mikania ''Mikania'' is a genus of about 450 species of plants in the tribe Eupatorieae within the family Asteraceae. The name honors the Czech botanist Johann Christian Mikan, 1743–1814. Members of the genus are stem twiners and lianas and are com ...

'') * ''Eupatorium pacificum'' (moved to ''

'') * ''Eupatorium purpureum'' (moved to ''

Eutrochium purpureum ''Eutrochium purpureum'', commonly known as purple Joe-Pye weed or sweetscented joe pye weed, is an herbaceous perennial plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to eastern and central North America, from Ontario east to New Hampshire and so ...

'') * ''Eupatorium pyrifolium''

(moved to ''

Steyermarkina ''Steyermarkina'' is a genus of South American plants in the tribe Eupatorieae within the family Asteraceae.P.W.Lund. ex

(moved to '' Kaunia'') * ''Eupatorium rugosum'' (moved to ''

Ageratina altissima ''Ageratina altissima'', also known as white snakeroot, richweed, or white sanicle, is a poisonous perennial herb in the family Asteraceae, native to eastern and central North America. An older binomial name for this species is ''Eupatorium rug ...

'') * ''Eupatorium sordidum'' (moved to ''

Bartlettina sordida ''Bartlettina sordida'', the purple torch or blue mist flower, is a flowering plant which is endemic to cloud forest habitats in Mexico.DC. Augustin Pyramus (or Pyrame) de Candolle (, , ; 4 February 17789 September 1841) was a Swiss botanist. René Louiche Desfontaines launched de Candolle's botanical career by recommending him at a herbarium. Within a couple of years de Candolle ...

(moved to ''

'') * ''Eupatorium urticaefolium'' (moved to ''

'', synonym of ''A. altissima'') * ''Eupatorium vauthierianum''

(moved to ''

Heterocondylus ''Heterocondylus'' is a genus of Latin American flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.D.J.N.Hind & H.E.Robinson. 2007. Tribe Eupatorieae In: ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' vol.VIII. (Joachim W.Kadereit & Charles Jeffrey, volum ...

alatus'')

References

Bibliography

* (2004): ''Encyclopedia of Folk Medicine: Old World and New World Traditions.'' ABC-CLIO, Inc., Santa Barbara. * * (1995): ''Taxonomy of ''Eupatorium'' Section ''Verticillata'' (Asteraceae)''. New York Botanical Garden Press. * (2005): ''The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine'' (2nd ed., vol. 1). Gale Group, New York.
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* * * * {{Taxonbar, from=Q1123970 Medicinal plants Asteraceae genera Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Dioecious plants