Ethnic media is media fashioned with a particular
ethnic minority
The term "minority group" has different meanings, depending on the context. According to common usage, it can be defined simply as a group in society with the least number of individuals, or less than half of a population. Usually a minority g ...
group or ethnic minority community in mind.
Definition
Academic Yu Shi tenders an operational definition for ethnic media: “Ethnic media are often regarded as media ''by and for'' ethnics in a host country with content in ethnic languages." Shi also adds, ethnic media “can be published by big ethnic media groups and by small organic ethnic communities”, as well.
Practitioner Inga Buchbinder of New America Media adds, “Our organization defines it most as a publication, whether that’s news, television, radio, online, print, magazine--any sort of publication that caters to a specific ethnic community. And it could be in-language…or it could be bilingual that reaches a very specific community.”
In addition to news, television, radio, online, print, and magazine outlets that qualify as ethnic media, academic John D.H. Downing adds musical culture and forms of religious expression to the ethnic media mix. Downing finds, “these may, along with language and dialect, act as a media force somewhere between shock absorption and psychic validation in the often-fraught atmosphere between the ethnic majority and ethnic minorities.”
Downing finds that ethnic media tends to circulate, “within at least three different sectors, namely, indigenous nations and communities, recent migrants…and settled subordinate ethnic groups.”
Ethnic media as alternative media
Analogous to the debate as to ''what'' qualifying factors constitute
alternative media
Alternative media are media sources that differ from established forms of media, such as mainstream media or mass media, in terms of their content, production, or distribution.Downing, John (2001). ''Radical Media''. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publica ...
, the domain of ''what'' qualifying factors that classify a respective ethnic media outlet as an alternative media outlet is also, at play.
Thus, ethnic media is not by definitional default alternative media.
Again, the work of academics and grassroots practitioners, such as John D.H. Downing, Yu Shi, Clemencia Rodriguez, and Inga Buchbinder of New America Media provide definitional assistance for this complex and overdetermined zone. Discernment of whether or not a respective ethnic media outlet qualifies as an alternative media outlet is dependent upon the outstanding contextual information, and should be assessed on a case by case evaluation.
Yu Shi's work puts forth a seven-pronged test for evaluating the “alternative media role” of ethnic media in the United States: “reference has to be made to their (1) individual place of origin, (2) historical evolution, (3) production process, (4) distribution pattern, (5) ownership, (6) self-identity (non-profit or for-profit; alternative or commercial; or in between), and (7) connection to power groups in local and transnational settings.”
Examples of ethnic media
*
''Black Enterprise Magazine''.
*
Black Entertainment Television
Black Entertainment Television (BET) is an American basic cable channel targeting Black American audiences. It is the flagship channel of the BET Media Group, a subsidiary of Paramount Global's CBS Entertainment Group. Originally launched ...
(BET).
*
''Ebony''.
*
''Essence Magazine''.
*''
Jet Magazine
''Jet'' is an American weekly digital magazine focusing on news, culture, and entertainment related to the African-American community. Founded in print by John H. Johnson in November 1951 in Chicago, Illinois, the magazine was billed as "The We ...
''.
*
''Latina Magazine''.
*
Telemundo Television Network.
*
Univision Television Network.
*
My own media - in the
UK.
*
I-Italy.
*
Italian American Voice.
*
Jewish Daily Forward - continuation as The Forward,
Jewish
Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of History of ancient Israel and Judah, ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, rel ...
newspaper.
*''
Hoy
Hoy may refer to:
People
Given name
* Hoy Menear (died 2023), American politician
* Hoy Phallin (born 1995), Cambodian footballer
* Hoy Wong (1920–2009), American bartender
Surname
* Hoy (surname), a Scottish and Irish surname
* H� ...
'' -
Spanish
Spanish might refer to:
* Items from or related to Spain:
**Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain
**Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many countries in the Americas
**Spanish cuisine
**Spanish history
**Spanish culture
...
newspaper in
New York City
New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive w ...
.
*''
Indian Country Today'' -
Native American newspaper.
*
KIRN
Kirn () is a town in the Bad Kreuznach (district), Bad Kreuznach Districts of Germany, district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is the seat of the ''Verbandsgemeinde'' Kirner Land. Kirn is a Central place theory, middle centre serving an area ...
radio in
Persian in
Southern California
Southern California (commonly shortened to SoCal) is a geographic and Cultural area, cultural List of regions of California, region that generally comprises the southern portion of the U.S. state of California. Its densely populated coastal reg ...
.
*
KREA radio in
Korean in
Greater Los Angeles
Greater Los Angeles is the most populous metropolitan area in the U.S. state of California, encompassing five counties in Southern California extending from Ventura County in the west to San Bernardino County and Riverside County in the eas ...
.
*
KTNN radio in
Navajo
The Navajo or Diné are an Indigenous people of the Southwestern United States. Their traditional language is Diné bizaad, a Southern Athabascan language.
The states with the largest Diné populations are Arizona (140,263) and New Mexico (1 ...
on the
Navajo Nation
The Navajo Nation (), also known as Navajoland, is an Indian reservation of Navajo people in the United States. It occupies portions of northeastern Arizona, northwestern New Mexico, and southeastern Utah. The seat of government is located in ...
,
Arizona
Arizona is a U.S. state, state in the Southwestern United States, Southwestern region of the United States, sharing the Four Corners region of the western United States with Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. It also borders Nevada to the nort ...
.
*''
La Opinion'' of
Los Angeles, California
Los Angeles, often referred to by its initials L.A., is the List of municipalities in California, most populous city in the U.S. state of California, and the commercial, Financial District, Los Angeles, financial, and Culture of Los Angeles, ...
in
Spanish
Spanish might refer to:
* Items from or related to Spain:
**Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain
**Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many countries in the Americas
**Spanish cuisine
**Spanish history
**Spanish culture
...
.
*''
The Irish Call'' based in
Boston, Massachusetts
Boston is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. The city serves as the cultural and Financial centre, financial center of New England, a region of the Northeas ...
.
*''
Cherokee Phoenix
The ''Cherokee Phoenix'' () is the first Native_American_newspapers, newspaper published by Native Americans in the United States and the first published in a Native American language. The first issue was published in English and Cherokee on Febr ...
-
Cherokee
The Cherokee (; , or ) people are one of the Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands of the United States. Prior to the 18th century, they were concentrated in their homelands, in towns along river valleys of what is now southwestern ...
newspaper in
Oklahoma
Oklahoma ( ; Choctaw language, Choctaw: , ) is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. It borders Texas to the south and west, Kansas to the north, Missouri to the northea ...
.
Examples of ethnic alternative media
*''
Chicago Defender
''The Chicago Defender'' is a Chicago-based online African-American newspaper. It was founded in 1905 by Robert S. Abbott and was once considered the "most important" newspaper of its kind. Abbott's newspaper reported and campaigned against Jim ...
'' - African American.
*''
Freedom's Journal'' - African American.
*
''New Pittsburgh Courier'' - African American.
*
''North Star'' - African American.
*''
Philadelphia Tribune'' - African American.
*''
The New York Amsterdam News'' - African American.
See also
*
The Abolitionist Movement
*
The Black Power Movement
*
Clemencia Rodriguez
Clemencia Rodriguez is a Colombian US-based media and communication scholar recognized for her role in establishing and promoting the field of alternative media studies in English language media studies, notably through her work on ' citizens' m ...
*
Citizens' Media
*
German American journalism
*
Irish American journalism
Irish commonly refers to:
* Someone or something of, from, or related to:
** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
***Éire, Irish language name for the island and the sovereign state
*** Erse (disambiguati ...
*
John DH Downing
*
Minority language broadcasting
*
New America Media
*
The Pittsburgh Courier's Double V Campaign
*
Romani media
References
Further reading
* Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann, Anna D. ''The Polish Hearst: Ameryka-Echo and the Public Role of the Immigrant Press'' (University of Illinois Press, 2015)
* Johnson, Melissa A. "How ethnic are US ethnic media: The case of Latina magazines." ''Mass Communication & Society'' 3#2-3 (2000): 229–248.
* Kent, Robert B., and Maura E. Huntz. "Spanish-language newspapers in the United States." ''Geographical Review'' (1996): 446–456
in JSTOR* Ma, Yan. "Chinese American newspapers and periodicals in the United States and their web presence." ''Serials Review'' 29#3 (2003): 179–198.
* Mahtani, Minelle. "Representing minorities: Canadian media and minority identities." ''Canadian ethnic studies'' 33#3 (2001): 99–133
online* Miller, Sally M., ed. ''The ethnic press in the United States: A historical analysis and handbook'' (Greenwood, 1987
online* Ogunyemi, Ola, ed. ''Journalism, audiences and diaspora'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015)
* Prentoulis, Marina. "The construction of the black British community in The Voice and the New Nation." ''Journalism'' 13#6 (2012): 731–749.
* Pride, Armistead Scott, and Clint C. Wilson. ''A history of the Black press'' (Howard University Press, 1997)
* Razi, Alpen. "'Coloured Citizens of the World': The Networks of
Empire loyalism in Emancipation-Era Jamaica and the Rise of the Transnational Black Press." ''American Periodicals: A Journal of History, Criticism, and Bibliography'' 23#2 (2013): 105–124.
* Thomas, Eric. "Canadian broadcasting and multiculturalism: Attempts to accommodate ethnic minorities." ''Canadian Journal of Communication'' 17.3 (1992)
online* Viswanath, Kasisomayajula, and Pamela Arora. "Ethnic media in the United States: An essay on their role in integration, assimilation, and social control." ''Mass Communication & Society'' 3#1 (2000): 39–56.
External links
*
ttp://henryjenkins.org/2009/03/can_african-americans_find_the_1.html/ Can African-Americans Find Their Voice in Cyberspace?: A Conversation with Dayna Cunningham (Part Two of Four)br>
Can African-Americans Find Their Voice in Cyberspace?: A Conversation with Dayna Cunningham (Part Three of Four)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ethnic Media
Mass media
Cultural mass media