Estates () in Russian architecture are typically a settlement complex of residential, household, parks and other buildings, as well as a manicured

garden A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the cultivation, display, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The single feature identifying even the wildest wild garden is ''control''. The garden can incorporate bot ...

. Estates first appear in the 15th century in the

Principality of Moscow A principality (or sometimes princedom) is a type of monarchical state or feudal territory ruled by a prince or princess. It can be either a sovereign state or a constituent part of a larger political entity. The term "principality" is often ...

and are associated with the estate system.

Types of estates

The following categories each have a number of features that influenced the appearance of Russian estates: *

Boyar A boyar or bolyar was a member of the highest rank of the feudal nobility in many Eastern European states, including Bulgaria, Kievan Rus' (and later Russia), Moldavia and Wallachia (and later Romania), Lithuania and among Baltic Germans. C ...

estates of the 17th century *

Landowners In common law systems, land tenure, from the French verb "" means "to hold", is the legal regime in which land "owned" by an individual is possessed by someone else who is said to "hold" the land, based on an agreement between both individuals ...

estates of the 18th-19th centuries * City estates of the 18th-19th centuries *

Peasant A peasant is a pre-industrial agricultural laborer or a farmer with limited land-ownership, especially one living in the Middle Ages under feudalism and paying rent, tax, fees, or services to a landlord. In Europe, three classes of peasan ...

estates

A classic manor estate usually included a main manor house, several

wings A wing is a type of fin that produces both lift and drag while moving through air. Wings are defined by two shape characteristics, an airfoil section and a planform. Wing efficiency is expressed as lift-to-drag ratio, which compares the bene ...

, stables, оrangeries, buildings for servants, etc. The park adjacent to the estate most often had

landscape A landscape is the visible features of an area of land, its landforms, and how they integrate with natural or human-made features, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal.''New Oxford American Dictionary''. A landscape includes th ...

character, like ponds, alleys,

gazebo A gazebo is a pavilion structure, sometimes octagonal or Gun turret, turret-shaped, often built in a park, garden, or spacious public area. Some are used on occasions as bandstands. In British English, the word is also used for a tent-like can ...

grotto A grotto or grot is a natural or artificial cave or covered recess. Naturally occurring grottoes are often small caves near water that are usually flooded or often flooded at high tide. Sometimes, artificial grottoes are used as garden fea ...

s and more. In larger estates, churches were often built. Urban

noble A noble is a member of the nobility. Noble may also refer to: Places Antarctica * Noble Glacier, King George Island * Noble Nunatak, Marie Byrd Land * Noble Peak, Wiencke Island * Noble Rocks, Graham Land Australia * Noble Island, Gr ...

estates, typical for Мoscow, and to a lesser extent for

Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the List of cities and towns in Russia by population, second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the Neva, River Neva, at the head of the Gulf of Finland ...

, usually included a master's house, "services" (stables, sheds, servants' quarters), and a small garden. Many Russian estates were built according to the original designs of famous architects. The estates that belonged to famous collectors often had significant cultural values, such as collections of

visual arts The visual arts are art forms such as painting, drawing, printmaking, sculpture, ceramics (art), ceramics, photography, video, image, filmmaking, design, crafts, and architecture. Many artistic disciplines such as performing arts, conceptual a ...

and

decorative arts ] The decorative arts are arts or crafts whose aim is the design and manufacture of objects that are both beautiful and functional. This includes most of the objects for the interiors of buildings, as well as interior design, but typically excl ...

. A number of estates that belonged to well-known Patronage, patrons of the arts gained fame as important centers of cultural life (for example,

Talashkino Talashkino () is a Village#Russia, selo in Smolensky District, Smolensk Oblast, Smolensky District, Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located southeast of Smolensk. Talashkino is notable because in the end of the 19th and in the beginning of the 20th cen ...

). Other estates became famous due to famous owners (

Tarkhany Tarkhany ( rus, Тарха́ны, p=tɐˈrxanɨ) is a Writer's house museum on the Russian estate where the Romantic writer Mikhail Lermontov (1814–1841) spent his childhood and was buried. The late 18th Century–early 19th Century estate is ...

, Boldino). After the

October Revolution The October Revolution, also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution (in Historiography in the Soviet Union, Soviet historiography), October coup, Bolshevik coup, or Bolshevik revolution, was the second of Russian Revolution, two r ...

, many owners abandoned their estates, most of which were plundered and destroyed. A significant part of the book collections and valuable works of art managed to be saved and placed in libraries and museums. A number of estates during the years of

Soviet The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...

power were turned into museums such as the Arkhangelskoye,

Kuskovo Kuskovo () was the summer country house and estate of the Sheremetev family. Built in the mid-18th century, it was originally situated several miles to the east of Moscow but now is part of the East District of the city. It was one of the ...

, Ostankino,

Yasnaya Polyana Yasnaya Polyana ( rus, Я́сная Поля́на, p=ˈjasnəjə pɐˈlʲanə, ) is a writer's house museum, the former home of the writer Leo Tolstoy.#Bartlett, Bartlett, p. 25 It is southwest of Tula, Russia, Tula, Russia, and from Moscow. ...

and others. According to the "Revival of the Russian Estate" foundation, at the end of 2007, there were about 7 thousand estates that are monuments of history and architecture, and about two-thirds are in disarray.

Estates and the restoration of Moscow

After the Fire of Moscow in 1812, almost two thirds of Moscow was burned and steps were taken to restore the city and help victims. First of all, it was necessary to provide the affected Muscovites with housing. In February 1813, the Russian Emperor Alexander I establishes the "."

Joseph Bové Joseph Bové, also Joseph Jean-Baptiste Charles de Beauvais or Osip Ivanovich Bove (; — ), was an Italian-Russian neoclassical architect who supervised the reconstruction of Moscow after the Fire of 1812. Biography Bové was born in ...

was responsible for the architectural department and was responsible for the engineering department. The architects Domenico Gilardi,

Afanasy Grigoriev Afanasy Grigorievich Grigoriev (; 21 January 1782 – 13 May 1868) was a Russian Neoclassical architect, who worked in Moscow and its suburbs. Grigoriev is remembered for his refined Empire style mansions, completion of Great Ascension Church ( ...

and others also took part in the restoration of the city. The basis of the construction was formed by albums with typical projects of buildings, that included estates. Residents could pick which building they wanted according to their tastes and the cost of construction. These ready-made architectural solutions made it possible to build buildings quickly and at minimal cost. The plan was so successful that by 1816 most of the houses of Moscow had been restored.

Gallery

File:Vadimrazumov copter - Arkhangelskoe 4.jpg, Arkhangelskoye Estate of Yusupov File:AbramtsevoEstate 0379.jpg, Abramtsevo Estate of

Savva Mamontov Savva Ivanovich Mamontov (, ; , Yalutorovsk – 6 April 1918, Moscow) was a Russian industrialist, merchant, entrepreneur and patron of the arts. Business career He was a son of the wealthy merchant and industrialist Ivan Feodorovich Mamonto ...

File:Museum-Estate of Gabriel Derzhavina. Polish garden. 1.JPG, Derzhavin Estate of

Gavrila Derzhavin Gavriil (Gavrila) Romanovich Derzhavin (, ; 14 July 1743 – 20 July 1816) was one of the most highly esteemed Russian poets before Alexander Pushkin, as well as a statesman. Although his works are traditionally considered literary classicis ...

File:Vadimrazumov copter - Dubrovitsy 2.jpg, Dubrovitsy Estate of Golitsyn File:LeninDistrictMO Gorki estate 05-2017 img5.jpg, Gorki Estate of Spasitelev File:Московская обл., Марфино - Усадьба 1.jpg, Marfino Estate of

Sofia Panina Countess Sofia Vladimirovna Panina (Russian: Софья Владимировна Панина; 23 August 1871 – 16 June 1956) was Vice Minister of State Welfare and Vice Minister of Education in the Provisional Government following the Russian F ...

File:Усадьба Строгановых Марьино.jpg, Maryino Estate of

Stroganov The Stroganov family (Russian: Стро́гановы, Стро́гоновы; French: Stroganoff) emerged as a preeminent Russian noble family renowned for their roles as merchants, industrialists, landowners, and statesmen. By the reign of Iv ...

File:Ostafyevo estate.Karamzin's Oak.jpg, Ostafievo Estate of Vyazemsky and

Sheremetev The House of Sheremetev () was one of the wealthiest and most influential Russian noble families, descending from Feodor Koshka. History The family held many high commanding ranks in the Russian military, governorships and eventually the ra ...

File:0526Ca. Репино. Усадьба «Пенаты».jpg, Penaty Estate of

Ilya Repin Ilya Yefimovich Repin ( – 29 September 1930) was a Russian painter, born in what is today Ukraine. He became one of the most renowned artists in Russian Empire, Russia in the 19th century. His major works include ''Barge Haulers on the Volga' ...

File:Rozhdestveno Manor in Leningrad Oblast.jpg, Rozhdestveno Estate of

Vladimir Nabokov Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov ( ; 2 July 1977), also known by the pen name Vladimir Sirin (), was a Russian and American novelist, poet, translator, and entomologist. Born in Imperial Russia in 1899, Nabokov wrote his first nine novels in Rus ...

File:Усадьба Середниково - вид с парамотора - panoramio.jpg, Serednikovo Estate of Vsevolozhsky and

Stolypin Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin ( rus, Пётр Аркадьевич Столыпин, p=pʲɵtr ɐrˈkadʲjɪvʲɪtɕ stɐˈlɨpʲɪn; – ) was a Russian statesman who served as the third Prime Minister of Russia, prime minister and the Ministry ...

File:Дом И.С.Тургенева в усадьбе Спасское-Лутовиново.jpg, Spasskoye-Lutovinovo Estate of

Ivan Turgenev Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev ( ; rus, links=no, Иван Сергеевич ТургеневIn Turgenev's day, his name was written ., p=ɪˈvan sʲɪrˈɡʲe(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ tʊrˈɡʲenʲɪf; – ) was a Russian novelist, short story writer, poe ...

File:Vadimrazumov copter - Vyazemy 2 (cropped).jpg, Vyazyomy Estate of

Boris Godunov Boris Feodorovich Godunov (; ; ) was the ''de facto'' regent of Russia from 1585 to 1598 and then tsar from 1598 to 1605 following the death of Feodor I, the last of the Rurik dynasty. After the end of Feodor's reign, Russia descended into t ...

File:Tula YasnayaPolyana asv2019-09 img09 aerial view (cropped).jpg, Yasnaya Polyana Estate of

Leo Tolstoy Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy Tolstoy pronounced his first name as , which corresponds to the romanization ''Lyov''. () (; ,Throughout Tolstoy's whole life, his name was written as using Reforms of Russian orthography#The post-revolution re ...

References

Literature

* Дмитриева Е. Е., Купцова О. Н. Жизнь усадебного мифа: Утраченный и обретенный рай. — М.: ОГИ, 2008. — 528 с. — ISBN 978-5-94282-466-2. * Коробко М. Ю. Источники по истории русской усадебной культуры. — М.: Ясная поляна, 1997. * Коробко М. Ю. Мир русской усадьбы // "История" : Газета издательского дома "Первое сентября". — 2003. — № 34-35. * Коробко М. Ю. Топонимические традиции русской усадьбы (1861–1917 гг.) // Русская усадьба : Сборник "Общества изучения русской усадьбы". — 2003. — № 9. * М. Харит «Новый век российской усадьбы». Популярная энциклопедия архитектуры. 2001–2015 г.г. Изд. Аст-Астрель. Москва ISBN 5-17-008120-0 , ISBN 5-271-02021-8, ISBN 5-271-02107-6, ISBN 5-17-008121-9 * *

External links