The Espiritu Santo languages (alternatively Santo languages) are a group of
North Vanuatu languages
The North Vanuatu languages form a linkage of Southern Oceanic languages spoken in northern Vanuatu.
Languages Clark (2009)
Clark (2009) provides the following classification of the North Vanuatu languages, divided into two main geographic area ...
spoken on
Espiritu Santo
Espiritu Santo (, ; ) is the largest island in the nation of Vanuatu, with an area of and a population of around 40,000 according to the 2009 census.
Geography
The island belongs to the archipelago of the New Hebrides in the Pacific region ...
Island in northern
Vanuatu
Vanuatu ( or ; ), officially the Republic of Vanuatu (; ), is an island country in Melanesia located in the South Pacific Ocean. The archipelago, which is of volcanic origin, is east of northern Australia, northeast of New Caledonia, east o ...
.
Tryon (2010) considers the Espiritu Santo languages to be a coherent group.
Languages
Two lists of Espiritu Santo languages from Tryon (2010) and François (2015) are provided below.
Tryon (2010)
Tryon (2010) recognizes 33 living languages and 2 extinct languages. They are:
[Tryon, Darrell. 2010. The languages of Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu. In John Bowden and Nikolaus P. Himmelmann and Malcolm Ross (eds.), ''A journey through Austronesian and Papuan linguistic and cultural space: papers in honour of Andrew K. Pawley'', 283-290. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.]
François (2015)
The following list of 38 Espiritu Santo languages is from
Alexandre François
Alexandre François is a French linguist specialising in the description and study of the indigenous languages of Melanesia. He belongs t''Lattice'' a research centre of the CNRS and dedicated to linguistics.
Research Language description and ...
(
2015
2015 was designated by the United Nations as:
* International Year of Light
* International Year of Soil __TOC__
Events
January
* January 1 – Lithuania officially adopts the euro as its currency, replacing the litas, and becomes ...
:18-21).
Lynch (2019)
John Lynch (2019)
proposes the following classification scheme for the Espiritu Santo languages, with the development of bilabial consonants to
linguolabials as the primary marker of the "Nuclear Santo" group:
* Espiritu Santo
** West Santo Group
*** Cape Cumberland: Hukua,
Vunapu,
Piamatsina ''(uncertain)'',
Valpei,
Nokuku,
Tasmate
***
Wusi
*** Central Santo:
Merei-Tiale, Okula
***
Kiai
In Japanese martial arts a is a short shout uttered when performing an assault.
Traditional Japanese dojo generally uses single syllables beginning with a vowel. The practice has become a part of Asian martial arts in popular culture, esp ...
*** Southwest Santo:
Akei,
Wailapa
*** South-Central Santo ''(Lynch: "possibly three dialects")''
*** ''Outlier:
Tolomako''
** Nuclear Santo Group
*** South Santo Group
****
Tangoa
****
Araki
Araki may refer to:
People
* Araki (surname) (荒木)
* Hirohiko Araki (荒木 飛呂彦), a Japanese manga artist, fashion designer and illustrator
* Nobuyoshi Araki (荒木 経惟), a Japanese photographer and contemporary artist also known by t ...
****
Mav'ea
****
Tutuba
****
Aore
Aore is an island in Sanma Province, Vanuatu. It is located opposite Luganville on Espiritu Santo and has an area of . The estimated terrain elevation above sea level is some .
Aore's climate is humid tropical. The average annual rainfall is abou ...
****
Tamambo
**** ''Outlier:
Mores
Mores (, sometimes ; , plural form of singular , meaning "manner, custom, usage, or habit") are social norms that are widely observed within a particular society or culture. Mores determine what is considered morally acceptable or unacceptable ...
''
*** East Santo Group
**** Shark Bay:
Shark Bay I, Shark Bay II,
Lorediakarkar
**** Southeast Santo:
Butmas-Tur,
Polonombauk,
Tambotalo
**** ''Outlier:
Sakao''
References
* .
{{Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages
Languages of Vanuatu
*