genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...
of
flowering plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. They include all forbs (flowering plants without a woody stem), grasses and grass-like plants, a vast majority of ...
s in the cabbage family,
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae () or (the older) Cruciferae () is a medium-sized and economically important family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family. Most are herbaceous plants, while some are shrubs. The l ...
. It includes more than 150
species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of ...
, both popular garden plants and many wild forms. The genus ''Cheiranthus'' is sometimes included here in whole or in part. ''Erysimum'' has since the early 21st century been ascribed to a monogeneric
cruciferous
Cruciferous vegetables are vegetables of the family Brassicaceae (also called Cruciferae) with many genera, species, and cultivars being raised for food production such as cauliflower, cabbage, kale, garden cress, bok choy, broccoli, Brussels s ...
tribe
The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in part due to confl ...
herbaceous
Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials.
Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous"
The fourth edition ...
perennial
A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wide ...
s or sub-shrubs. The perennial species are short-lived and in cultivation treated as biennials. Most species have stems erect, somewhat winged, canescent with an indumentum of bifid hairs, usually 25 ± 53 cm × 2–3 mm in size, and t-shaped
trichome
Trichomes (); ) are fine outgrowths or appendages on plants, algae, lichens, and certain protists. They are of diverse structure and function. Examples are hairs, glandular hairs, scales, and papillae. A covering of any kind of hair on a pl ...
s. The leaves are narrow and sessile. The lower leaves are linear to oblanceolate pinnatifid with backwardly directed lobes, acute, 50–80 mm × 0.5–3 mm. Stem leaves are linear, entire, all canescent with 2-fid hairs; 21–43 mm × 1.5–2 mm.
Inflorescence
An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Morphologically, it is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed ...
s are produced in racemes, with bright yellow to red or pink bilateral and
hermaphrodite
In reproductive biology, a hermaphrodite () is an organism that has both kinds of reproductive organs and can produce both gametes associated with male and female sexes.
Many taxonomic groups of animals (mostly invertebrates) do not have ...
flower
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism ...
s. Flowering occurs during spring and summer. One species, '' Erysimum semperflorens'', native to Morocco and Algeria, has white flowers. The floral pedicel ranges from 4 to 7 mm. Four free
sepal
A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 The term ''sepalum'' was coined ...
s somewhat
saccate
Saccate is a term used in botany to describe plant parts that are shaped like a pouch or sack. Sometimes, when all members of a taxon
In biology, a taxon ( back-formation from '' taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations ...
, light green, 5–7 mm × 1.5–2 mm.
Etymology
The
genus name
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...
''Erysimum'' is derived from the Greek word 'Eryo' meaning to drag.
Distribution
Wallflowers are native to southwest Asia, the Mediterranean, Europe, Africa (Cabo Verde), Micronesia, and North America through Costa Rica. Many wallflowers are
endemic
Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found els ...
Mount Etna
Mount Etna, or simply Etna ( it, Etna or ; scn, Muncibbeḍḍu or ; la, Aetna; grc, Αἴτνα and ), is an active stratovolcano on the east coast of Sicily, Italy, in the Metropolitan City of Catania, between the cities of Messina a ...
Teide
Teide, or Mount Teide, ( es, El Teide, Pico del Teide, , "Peak of Teide") is a volcano on Tenerife in the Canary Islands, Spain. Its summit (at ) is the highest point in Spain and the highest point above sea level in the islands of the Atlan ...
volcano on Tenerife)
*'' E. teretifolium'' (endangered – inland sandhills of Santa Cruz County, California)
Cultivation
Most wallflower garden
cultivar
A cultivar is a type of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and when propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue culture ...
s (e.g. ''Erysimum'' 'Chelsea Jacket') are derived from '' E. cheiri'' (often placed in ''Cheiranthus''), from southern Europe. They are often attacked by fungal and bacterial disease, so they are best grown as biennials and discarded after flowering. They are also susceptible to clubroot, a disease of
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae () or (the older) Cruciferae () is a medium-sized and economically important family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family. Most are herbaceous plants, while some are shrubs. The l ...
. Growth is best in dry soils with very good drainage, and they are often grown successfully in loose wall mortar, hence the vernacular name. There is a wide range of flower color in the warm spectrum, including white, yellow, orange, red, pink, maroon, purple and brown. The flowers, appearing in spring, usually have a strong fragrance. Wallflowers are often associated in spring
bedding
Bedding, also known as bedclothes or bed linen, is the materials laid above the mattress of a bed for hygiene, warmth, protection of the mattress, and decorative effect. Bedding is the removable and washable portion of a human sleeping environm ...
schemes with
tulip
Tulips (''Tulipa'') are a genus of spring-blooming perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes (having bulbs as storage organs). The flowers are usually large, showy and brightly coloured, generally red, pink, yellow, or white (usually in war ...
s and
forget-me-not
''Myosotis'' ( ) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Boraginaceae. The name comes from the Ancient Greek "mouse's ear", which the foliage is thought to resemble. In the northern hemisphere they are colloquially known as forget-me-not ...
s.
The cultivar 'Bowles's Mauve' has gained the
Royal Horticultural Society
The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), founded in 1804 as the Horticultural Society of London, is the UK's leading gardening charity.
The RHS promotes horticulture through its five gardens at Wisley (Surrey), Hyde Hall (Essex), Harlow Carr (No ...
's
Award of Garden Merit
The Award of Garden Merit (AGM) is a long-established annual award for plants by the British Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). It is based on assessment of the plants' performance under UK growing conditions.
History
The Award of Garden Merit ...
. It can become a bushy evergreen perennial in milder locations. It is strongly scented and attractive to bees.
Ecology
''Erysimum'' is found in a range of habitats across the northern hemisphere, and has developed diverse morphology and growth habits (herbaceous annual or perennial, and woody perennial). ''Different Erysimum'' species are used as food plants by the
larva
A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle.
Th ...
butterflies
Butterflies are insects in the macrolepidopteran clade Rhopalocera from the order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths. Adult butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspicuous, fluttering flight. The group comprises t ...
and
moth
Moths are a paraphyletic group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies, with moths making up the vast majority of the order. There are thought to be approximately 160,000 species of moth, many of ...
s) species including the garden carpet (''Xanthorhoe fluctuata''). In addition, some species of weevils, like ''
Ceutorhynchus chlorophanus
''Ceutorhynchus'' is a genus of true weevils in the tribe Ceutorhynchini. There are at least 400 described species in ''Ceutorhynchus''.
'' Ceutorhynchus succinus'' Legalov, 2013
File:2013 Events Collage V2.png, From left, clockwise: Edwa ...
'', live inside the fruits feeding on the developing seeds. Many species of beetles, bugs and grasshoppers eat the leaves and stalks. Some mammalian herbivores, for example mule deer ('' Odocoileus hemionus'') in North America, argali (''
Ovis ammon
The argali (''Ovis ammon''), also known as the mountain sheep, is a wild sheep that roams the highlands of western East Asia, the Himalayas, Tibet, and the Altai Mountains.
Description
The name 'argali' is the Mongolian word for wild sheep. It ...
'') in Mongolia, red deer ('' Cervus elaphus'') in Central Europe, or Spanish ibex (''
Capra pyrenaica
The Iberian ibex (''Capra pyrenaica''), also known as the Spanish ibex, Spanish wild goat, or Iberian wild goat, is a species of ibex endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. Four subspecies have been described; two are now extinct. The Portuguese su ...
'') in the Iberian Peninsula, feed on wallflower flowering and fruiting stalks. ''
Erysimum crepidifolium
''Erysimum crepidifolium'', the pale wallflower, is a plant species in the crucifer family, Brassicaceae. It is a member of the genus ''Erysimum'', which includes between 150 and 350 species in the Northern Hemisphere.
Description
''Erysimum ...
'' (pale wallflower) is toxic to some generalist vertebrate herbivores.Bleicher Schöterich (''Erysimum crepidifolium''). In: giftpflanzen.com. /ref>
Most wallflowers are pollinator-generalists, their flowers being visited by many different species of bees, bee flies, hoverflies, butterflies, beetles, and ants. However, there are some specialist species. For example, ''
Erysimum scoparium
''Erysimum scoparium'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae, native to the Canary Islands. It is a shrubby species of wallflower with purplish flowers found at high altitudes.
Description
''Erysimum scoparium'' is a small ...
'' is pollinated almost exclusively by '' Anthophora alluadii''.
Defensive compounds
Like most
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae () or (the older) Cruciferae () is a medium-sized and economically important family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family. Most are herbaceous plants, while some are shrubs. The l ...
, species in the genus ''Erysimum'' produce glucosinolates as defensive compounds. However, unlike almost all other genera in the Brassicaceae, ''Erysimum'' also accumulates cardiac glycosides, another class of
phytochemicals
Phytochemicals are chemical compounds produced by plants, generally to help them resist fungi, bacteria and plant virus infections, and also consumption by insects and other animals. The name comes . Some phytochemicals have been used as pois ...
with an ecological importance in insect defense. Cardiac glycosides specifically function to prevent insect
herbivory
A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthp ...
ion channel
Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through the channel pore. Their functions include establishing a resting membrane potential, shaping action potentials and other electrical signals by gating the flow of ...
function in muscle cells. These chemicals are toxic enough to deter generalist, and even some specialist insect herbivores.
Cardiac glycoside
Cardiac glycosides are a class of organic compounds that increase the output force of the heart and decrease its rate of contractions by inhibiting the cellular sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Their beneficial medical uses are as treatments for co ...
production is widespread in ''Erysimum'', with at least 48 species in the genus containing these compounds. Accumulation of cardiac glycosides in ''
Erysimum crepidifolium
''Erysimum crepidifolium'', the pale wallflower, is a plant species in the crucifer family, Brassicaceae. It is a member of the genus ''Erysimum'', which includes between 150 and 350 species in the Northern Hemisphere.
Description
''Erysimum ...
'', but not other tested species, is induced by treatment with
jasmonic acid
Jasmonic acid (JA) is an organic compound found in several plants including jasmine. The molecule is a member of the jasmonate class of plant hormones. It is biosynthesized from linolenic acid by the octadecanoid pathway. It was first isolated ...
and
methyl jasmonate
Methyl jasmonate (abbreviated MeJA) is a volatile organic compound used in plant defense and many diverse developmental pathways such as seed germination, root growth, flowering, fruit ripening, and senescence. Methyl jasmonate is derived from ...
, endogenous elicitors of chemical defenses in many plant species. Molecular
phylogenetic
In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...
analysis indicates that ''Erysimum'' diversification from other
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae () or (the older) Cruciferae () is a medium-sized and economically important family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family. Most are herbaceous plants, while some are shrubs. The l ...
species that do not produce cardiac glycosides began in the
Pliocene
The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58 suggesting relatively recent evolution of cardiac glycosides as a defensive trait in this genus.
Escape from herbivory
The evolution of novel chemical defenses in plants, such as
cardenolide
A cardenolide is a type of steroid. Many plants contain derivatives, collectively known as cardenolides, including many in the form of cardenolide glycosides (cardenolides that contain structural groups derived from sugars). Cardenolide glycosid ...
s in the genus ''Erysimum'', is predicted to allow escape from herbivory by specialist herbivores and expansion into new ecological niches. The crucifer-feeding specialist '' Pieries rapae'' (white cabbage butterfly) is deterred from feeding and oviposition by cardenolides in '' Erysimum cheiranthoides.'' Similarly, ''Anthocharis cardamines'' (orange tip butterfly), which oviposits on almost all crucifer species, avoids '' E. cheiranthoides.'' ''Erysimum asperum'' (western wallflower) is resistant to feeding and oviposition of ''Pieris napi macdunnoughii'' (synonym '' Pieris marginalis'', margined white butterfly). Two crucifer-feeding beetles, ''Phaedon'' sp. and '' Phyllotreta'' sp., were deterred from feeding by
cardenolide
A cardenolide is a type of steroid. Many plants contain derivatives, collectively known as cardenolides, including many in the form of cardenolide glycosides (cardenolides that contain structural groups derived from sugars). Cardenolide glycosid ...
s that were applied to their preferred food plants. Consistent with the hypothesis of enhanced speciation after escape from herbivory, phylogenetic studies involving 128 ''Erysimum'' species indicate diversification in Eurasia between 0.5 and 2 million years ago, and in North America between 0.7 and 1.65 million years ago.) This evolutionarily rapid expansion of the ''Erysimum'' genus has resulted in several hundred known species distributed throughout the northern hemisphere.
Ethnobotanical uses of ''Erysimum''
''Erysimum'' species have a long history of use in traditional medicine. In
Naturalis Historia
The ''Natural History'' ( la, Naturalis historia) is a work by Pliny the Elder. The largest single work to have survived from the Roman Empire to the modern day, the ''Natural History'' compiles information gleaned from other ancient authors. ...
by
Pliny the Elder
Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/2479), called Pliny the Elder (), was a Roman author, naturalist and natural philosopher, and naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian. He wrote the encyclopedic ...
(~77), ''Erysimum'' is classified as a medicinal rather than a food plant. ''
Erysimum cheiri
''Erysimum cheiri'', syn. ''Cheiranthus cheiri'', the wallflower, is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae), native to Greece, but widespread as an introduced species elsewhere. It is also treated as a hybrid under ...
Pedanius Dioscorides
Pedanius Dioscorides ( grc-gre, Πεδάνιος Διοσκουρίδης, ; 40–90 AD), “the father of pharmacognosy”, was a Greek physician, pharmacologist, botanist, and author of '' De materia medica'' (, On Medical Material) —a 5-vo ...
(~70), which was the predominant European medical pharmacopeia for more than 1,500 years. Other
medieval
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire a ...
descriptions of medicinal herbs and their uses, including the Dispensatorium des Cordus by Valerius Cordus (1542), Bocks Kräuterbuch by
Hieronymus Bock
Hieronymus Bock ( Latinised Hieronymus Tragus; c. 1498 – 21 February 1554) was a German botanist, physician, and Lutheran minister who began the transition from medieval botany to the modern scientific worldview by arranging plants by their re ...
(1577), and Tabernaemontanus’ Neuw Kreuterbuch by
Jacobus Theodorus Tabernaemontanus
Jacobus Theodorus (Jacob Diether), called Tabernaemontanus (1525 – August 1590) was a physician and an early botanist and herbalist, one of the "fathers of German botany" whose illustrated ''Neuw Kreuterbuch'' (Frankfurt, 1588) was the result of ...
(1588), also discuss applications of '' E. cheiri''. In traditional Chinese medicine, '' Erysimum cheiranthoides'' has been used to treat heart disease and other ailments. Although medical uses of ''Erysimum'' became uncommon in
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located enti ...
after the
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire ...
, ''Erysimum diffusum,'' as well as purified erysimin and erysimoside, have been applied more recently as Ukrainian ethnobotanical treatments.
Selected species
* ''
Erysimum allionii
''Erysimum'', or wallflower, is a genus of flowering plants in the cabbage family, Brassicaceae. It includes more than 150 species, both popular garden plants and many wild forms. The genus ''Cheiranthus'' is sometimes included here in whole o ...
Erysimum ammophilum
''Erysimum ammophilum'' is a species of wallflower known by the common name coast wallflower.
It is endemic to California, where it is an uncommon beach-dwelling wildflower. It is known from dunes and bluffs near Monterey Bay, the coastline of ...
''
* ''
Erysimum angustatum
''Erysimum'', or wallflower, is a genus of flowering plants in the cabbage family, Brassicaceae. It includes more than 150 species, both popular garden plants and many wild forms. The genus ''Cheiranthus'' is sometimes included here in whole o ...
'' – Dawson wallflower
* ''
Erysimum arenicola
''Erysimum arenicola'', the Cascade wallflower, is a plant species native to British Columbia, Washington and Oregon. It is found at high elevations from 900 to 2200 m in the Cascade and Olympic Mountains as well as on Vancouver Island.
'' ...
'' – Cascade wallflower
* ''
Erysimum baeticum
''Erysimum baeticum'' is an annual to perennial herb endemic to some mountains in the SE of Spain. This species has two subspecies: ''Erysimum baeticum bastetanum'' is found only in the Sierra de Baza (Granada province), inhabiting the subalpine ...
Erysimum cazorlense
''Erysimum cazorlense'' is a short-lived, mostly monocarpic herb endemic to the Cazorla and Segura mountain ranges, SE Spain. ''Erysimum cazorlense'' may be treated as a distinct species or as '' Erysimum myriophyllum'' subsp. ''cazorlense''.
It ...
'',
syn.
The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently.
* In botanical nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different scientific name. For example, Linnae ...
Erysimum crepidifolium
''Erysimum crepidifolium'', the pale wallflower, is a plant species in the crucifer family, Brassicaceae. It is a member of the genus ''Erysimum'', which includes between 150 and 350 species in the Northern Hemisphere.
Description
''Erysimum ...
'' – pale wallflower
* ''
Erysimum creticum
''Erysimum'', or wallflower, is a genus of flowering plants in the cabbage family, Brassicaceae. It includes more than 150 species, both popular garden plants and many wild forms. The genus ''Cheiranthus'' is sometimes included here in whole o ...
'' – Crete wallflower
* ''
Erysimum diffusum
''Erysimum'', or wallflower, is a genus of flowering plants in the cabbage family, Brassicaceae. It includes more than 150 species, both popular garden plants and many wild forms. The genus ''Cheiranthus'' is sometimes included here in whole o ...
Erysimum franciscanum
''Erysimum franciscanum'', commonly known as the Franciscan wallflower or San Francisco wallflower, is a plant endemic to the northern California coast, from Sonoma to Santa Cruz Counties. It is a member of the genus ''Erysimum'' in the mustard ...
'' – Franciscan wallflower
* ''
Erysimum fitzii
''Erysimum fitzii'' is a biennial or short-lived perennial plant native to southern Spain. It has been treated as one of a complex of six species making up the ''nevadense'' group, or as ''Erysimum nevadense'' subsp. ''fitzii''.
Taxonomy
''Erys ...
''
* ''
Erysimum gomez-campoi
''Erysimum gomez-campoi'' (also spelt ''Erysimum gomezcampoi'') is a short-lived biennial plant, biennial or perennial plant native to southern Spain. It has been treated as one of a complex of six species making up the ''nevadense'' group, or a ...
''
* ''
Erysimum hedgeanum
''Erysimum'', or wallflower, is a genus of flowering plants in the cabbage family, Brassicaceae. It includes more than 150 species, both popular garden plants and many wild forms. The genus ''Cheiranthus'' is sometimes included here in whole o ...
'' – syn. ''Arabidopsis erysimoides''
* ''
Erysimum inconspicuum
''Erysimum'', or wallflower, is a genus of flowering plants in the cabbage family, Brassicaceae. It includes more than 150 species, both popular garden plants and many wild forms. The genus ''Cheiranthus'' is sometimes included here in whole o ...
'' – smallflower prairie wallflower
* ''
Erysimum insulare
''Erysimum insulare'' is a species of ''Erysimum'' known by the common name island wallflower. It is endemic to coast of southern California, including the Channel Islands. ''Erysimum insulare'' grows on coastal bluffs and sand dunes.
Descrip ...
''
* ''
Erysimum jugicola
''Erysimum jugicola'' is a plant of the family Brassicaceae.
Distribution
''Erysimum jugicola'' is a subendemism of the Western Alps.
Habitat
This species inhabits cliffs, dry meadows and stony pastures on limestones and serpentines at an ele ...
''
* ''
Erysimum kotschyanum
''Erysimum'', or wallflower, is a genus of flowering plants in the cabbage family, Brassicaceae. It includes more than 150 species, both popular garden plants and many wild forms. The genus ''Cheiranthus'' is sometimes included here in whole o ...
Erysimum myriophyllum
''Erysimum'', or wallflower, is a genus of flowering plants in the cabbage family, Brassicaceae. It includes more than 150 species, both popular garden plants and many wild forms. The genus ''Cheiranthus'' is sometimes included here in whole o ...
''
* ''
Erysimum nervosum
''Erysimum nervosum'' (syn: ''Erysimum grandiflorum'' Desf. var. ''nervosum'' (Pomel) Batt.) is a short-lived, polycarpic perennial herb.
It is found in many montane regions of North Africa, including the Rif Mountains and Atlas Mountains in ...
''
* ''
Erysimum nevadense
''Erysimum nevadense'' is a perennial short-lived herb endemic to the Sierra Nevada of Spain, although there are some citations in the nearby Sierra de Gádor (Almería). This wallflower occurs between 1,700 and 2,700 m above sea level in subalpi ...
'' – Sierra Nevada wallflower
* ''
Erysimum odoratum
''Erysimum odoratum'' is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae () or (the older) Cruciferae () is a medium-sized and economically important family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the ...
Erysimum popovii
''Erysimum popovii'' is a perennial plant, perennial short-lived herbaceous plant, herb Endemism, endemic to several mountain ranges of southeastern Spain, in the Jaén (Spanish province), Jaén, Granada (province), Granada and Córdoba (Spanish ...
''
* ''
Erysimum raulinii
''Erysimum'', or wallflower, is a genus of flowering plants in the cabbage family, Brassicaceae. It includes more than 150 species, both popular garden plants and many wild forms. The genus ''Cheiranthus'' is sometimes included here in whole ...
'' – Crete wallflower
* ''
Erysimum redowskii
''Erysimum redowskii'', synonym ''Erysimum pallasii'', known as Pallas' wallflower, is a low shrub or mid shrub species from the Arctic. It has purple flowers that do not reflect UV.
Taxonomy
''Erysimum redowskii'' was first described by Johann ...
Erysimum repandum
''Erysimum repandum'' is a species of ''Erysimum'' known by several common names, including spreading wallflower, spreading treacle-mustard, and bushy wallflower.
It is native to Eurasia, but it is known in many other parts of the world as an in ...
Erysimum scoparium
''Erysimum scoparium'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae, native to the Canary Islands. It is a shrubby species of wallflower with purplish flowers found at high altitudes.
Description
''Erysimum scoparium'' is a small ...
'' – Teide wallflower
* ''
Erysimum siliculosum
''Erysimum siliculosum'' is a biennial or perennial herb from Xinjiang, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan, reaching 30-90 cm in height. It is closely related to '' Erysimum mongolicum''. This species inhabits sandy areas and dunes from 400 to ...
Erysimum witmanii
''Erysimum'', or wallflower, is a genus of flowering plants in the cabbage family, Brassicaceae. It includes more than 150 species, both popular garden plants and many wild forms. The genus ''Cheiranthus'' is sometimes included here in whole o ...