''Erysimum collinum'' is a plant species in the family

Brassicaceae Brassicaceae () or (the older) Cruciferae () is a medium-sized and economically important family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family. Most are herbaceous plants, while some are shrubs. The l ...

. It is a member of the genus ''

Erysimum ''Erysimum'', or wallflower, is a genus of flowering plants in the cabbage family, Brassicaceae. It includes more than 150 species, both popular garden plants and many wild forms. The genus ''Cheiranthus'' is sometimes included here in whole o ...

'', which includes between 150 and 350 species in the Northern Hemisphere.

Morphology

''Erysimum collinum'' is a

biennial Biennial means (an event) lasting for two years or occurring every two years. The related term biennium is used in reference to a period of two years. In particular, it can refer to: * Biennial plant, a plant which blooms in its second year and th ...

species. Plants are typically branching at the base, with 1-7 stems at the time of flowering. Leaves (length 14–50 mm, width 2–11 mm) are covered in hairs and are narrower at the base. Flowers are yellow with glabrous petals 6–11 mm long and 2–4 mm wide. There are 30-60 flowers in the main raceme. Seed pods are 56–95 mm long, 1.3–2 mm wide, square with non-obvious edges, and aligned parallel to the flower stalk. Flower stalks are rounded and 500 – 820 mm tall at the time of seed set. Erysimum collinum seed pods

Occurrence

''Erysimum collinum'' is native to southeastern

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, and

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, where it grows at altitudes from 700 to 1390 m. Habitats where ''E. collinum'' is found include cultivated fields, river banks, and rocky areas.

Taxonomy

In a 2014 taxonomic revision, ''E. aucherianum'', ''E. gayanum'', ''E. gracile'', and ''E. passgalense'' are considered to be the same species as ''E. collinum.'' The revised species has both diploid (2n = 14) and hexaploid (2n = 42) members. Based on sequence comparisons of expressed genes in 48 ''

'' species, ''E. collinum'' is most closely related to ''E. crassipes'' and ''E. crassicaule''.

Chemical defenses

The genus ''Erysimum'' is known for containing two major classes of defensive metabolites:

glucosinolate Glucosinolates are natural components of many pungent plants such as mustard, cabbage, and horseradish. The pungency of those plants is due to mustard oils produced from glucosinolates when the plant material is chewed, cut, or otherwise damage ...

s, which are characteristic of all

, and

cardiac glycoside Cardiac glycosides are a class of organic compounds that increase the output force of the heart and decrease its rate of contractions by inhibiting the cellular sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Their beneficial medical uses are as treatments for co ...

s (

cardenolide A cardenolide is a type of steroid. Many plants contain derivatives, collectively known as cardenolides, including many in the form of cardenolide glycosides (cardenolides that contain structural groups derived from sugars). Cardenolide glycosid ...

s), which are found only within the genus ''

.'' However, unlike other analyzed members of the genus ''

'', ''E. collinum'' contains only trace amounts of

cardiac glycosides Cardiac glycosides are a class of organic compounds that increase the output force of the heart and decrease its rate of contractions by inhibiting the cellular sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Their beneficial medical uses are as treatments for co ...

(

s). Nevertheless, extracts of ''E. collinum'' showed some inhibitory activity of the mammalian sodium-potassium ATPase pump ( Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase), the main molecular target of

s. The most abundant

in ''E. collinum'' is glucoerypestrin (3-methoxycarbonylpropyl glucosinolate), which has been reported only within the genus ''

,'' including also in the species '' E. repandum'' (syn. ''E. pulchellum''), ''E. odoratum'', and ''E. ochroleucum.'' Other glucosinolates found in ''E. collinum'' are indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate, 4-methoxyindol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate, 3-methylsulfinylpropyl glucosinolate, 2-methylpropyl glucosinolate, and n-methylbutyl glucosinolate.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q15544141 collinum