genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...
of
flowering plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. They include all forbs (flowering plants without a woody stem), grasses and grass-like plants, a vast majority of ...
s in the cabbage family,
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae () or (the older) Cruciferae () is a medium-sized and economically important family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family. Most are herbaceous plants, while some are shrubs. The l ...
. It includes more than 150
species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of ...
, both popular garden plants and many wild forms. The genus ''Cheiranthus'' is sometimes included here in whole or in part. ''Erysimum'' has since the early 21st century been ascribed to a monogeneric
cruciferous
Cruciferous vegetables are vegetables of the family Brassicaceae (also called Cruciferae) with many genera, species, and cultivars being raised for food production such as cauliflower, cabbage, kale, garden cress, bok choy, broccoli, Brussels s ...
tribe
The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in part due to confl ...
, Erysimeae, characterised by
sessile
Sessility, or sessile, may refer to:
* Sessility (motility), organisms which are not able to move about
* Sessility (botany), flowers or leaves that grow directly from the stem or peduncle of a plant
* Sessility (medicine), tumors and polyps that ...
,
stellate
Stellate, meaning star-shaped, may refer to:
* Stellate cell
* Stellate ganglion
* Stellate reticulum
* Stellate veins
* Stellate trichomes (hairs) on plants
* Stellate laceration or incision Wound#Open
* Stellate fan-shaped Espalier (one form ...
trichomes
Trichomes (); ) are fine outgrowths or appendages on plants, algae, lichens, and certain protists. They are of diverse structure and function. Examples are hairs, glandular hairs, scales, and papillae. A covering of any kind of hair on a pla ...
, yellow to orange flowers and multiseeded siliques.
Morphology
Wallflowers are
annual
Annual may refer to:
* Annual publication, periodical publications appearing regularly once per year
**Yearbook
**Literary annual
* Annual plant
*Annual report
*Annual giving
*Annual, Morocco, a settlement in northeastern Morocco
*Annuals (band), ...
s,
herbaceous
Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials.
Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous"
The fourth edition ...
perennial
A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wide ...
s or sub-shrubs. The perennial species are short-lived and in cultivation treated as biennials. Most species have stems erect, somewhat winged, canescent with an
indumentum
In biology, an indumentum (Latin, literally: "garment") is a covering of trichomes (fine "hairs") on a plantDavis, Peter Hadland and Heywood, Vernon Hilton (1963) ''Principles of angiosperm taxonomy'' Van Nostrandpage, Princeton, New Jersey, page ...
of bifid hairs, usually 25 ± 53 cm × 2–3 mm in size, and t-shaped
trichome
Trichomes (); ) are fine outgrowths or appendages on plants, algae, lichens, and certain protists. They are of diverse structure and function. Examples are hairs, glandular hairs, scales, and papillae. A covering of any kind of hair on a pl ...
s. The leaves are narrow and sessile. The lower leaves are linear to oblanceolate pinnatifid with backwardly directed lobes, acute, 50–80 mm × 0.5–3 mm. Stem leaves are linear, entire, all canescent with 2-fid hairs; 21–43 mm × 1.5–2 mm.
Inflorescence
An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Morphologically, it is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed ...
s are produced in racemes, with bright yellow to red or pink bilateral and
hermaphrodite
In reproductive biology, a hermaphrodite () is an organism that has both kinds of reproductive organs and can produce both gametes associated with male and female sexes.
Many taxonomic groups of animals (mostly invertebrates) do not have ...
,
hypogynous
In the flowering plants, an ovary is a part of the female reproductive organ of the flower or gynoecium. Specifically, it is the part of the pistil which holds the ovule(s) and is located above or below or at the point of connection with the bas ...
and
ebracteate
In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, especially one associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, inflorescence axis or cone scale. Bracts are usually different from foliage leaves. They may be smaller, larger, ...
flower
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism ...
s. Flowering occurs during spring and summer. One species, ''
Erysimum semperflorens
''Erysimum'', or wallflower, is a genus of flowering plants in the cabbage family, Brassicaceae. It includes more than 150 species, both popular garden plants and many wild forms. The genus ''Cheiranthus'' is sometimes included here in whole o ...
'',
native
Native may refer to:
People
* Jus soli, citizenship by right of birth
* Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory
** Native Americans (disambiguation)
In arts and enterta ...
to Morocco and Algeria, has white flowers. The floral
pedicel
Pedicle or pedicel may refer to:
Human anatomy
*Pedicle of vertebral arch, the segment between the transverse process and the vertebral body, and is often used as a radiographic marker and entry point in vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty procedures
...
ranges from 4 to 7 mm. Four free
sepal
A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 The term ''sepalum'' was coined ...
s somewhat
saccate
Saccate is a term used in botany to describe plant parts that are shaped like a pouch or sack. Sometimes, when all members of a taxon
In biology, a taxon ( back-formation from '' taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations ...
, light green, 5–7 mm × 1.5–2 mm.
Etymology
The
genus name
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...
''Erysimum'' is derived from the Greek word 'Eryo' meaning to drag.
Distribution
Wallflowers are native to southwest Asia, the Mediterranean, Europe, Africa (Cabo Verde), Micronesia, and North America through Costa Rica. Many wallflowers are
endemic
Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found els ...
Mount Etna
Mount Etna, or simply Etna ( it, Etna or ; scn, Muncibbeḍḍu or ; la, Aetna; grc, Αἴτνα and ), is an active stratovolcano on the east coast of Sicily, Italy, in the Metropolitan City of Catania, between the cities of Messina a ...
Teide
Teide, or Mount Teide, ( es, El Teide, Pico del Teide, , "Peak of Teide") is a volcano on Tenerife in the Canary Islands, Spain. Its summit (at ) is the highest point in Spain and the highest point above sea level in the islands of the Atlan ...
volcano on Tenerife)
*'' E. teretifolium'' (endangered – inland sandhills of Santa Cruz County, California)
Cultivation
Most wallflower garden
cultivar
A cultivar is a type of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and when propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue culture ...
s (e.g. ''Erysimum'' 'Chelsea Jacket') are derived from '' E. cheiri'' (often placed in ''Cheiranthus''), from southern Europe. They are often attacked by fungal and bacterial disease, so they are best grown as biennials and discarded after flowering. They are also susceptible to
clubroot
Clubroot is a common disease of cabbages, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, radishes, turnips, stocks, wallflowers and other plants of the family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). It is caused by ''Plasmodiophora brassicae'', which was once cons ...
, a disease of
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae () or (the older) Cruciferae () is a medium-sized and economically important family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family. Most are herbaceous plants, while some are shrubs. The l ...
. Growth is best in dry soils with very good drainage, and they are often grown successfully in loose wall mortar, hence the vernacular name. There is a wide range of flower color in the warm spectrum, including white, yellow, orange, red, pink, maroon, purple and brown. The flowers, appearing in spring, usually have a strong fragrance. Wallflowers are often associated in spring
bedding
Bedding, also known as bedclothes or bed linen, is the materials laid above the mattress of a bed for hygiene, warmth, protection of the mattress, and decorative effect. Bedding is the removable and washable portion of a human sleeping environm ...
schemes with
tulip
Tulips (''Tulipa'') are a genus of spring-blooming perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes (having bulbs as storage organs). The flowers are usually large, showy and brightly coloured, generally red, pink, yellow, or white (usually in war ...
s and
forget-me-not
''Myosotis'' ( ) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Boraginaceae. The name comes from the Ancient Greek "mouse's ear", which the foliage is thought to resemble. In the northern hemisphere they are colloquially known as forget-me-not ...
s.
The cultivar 'Bowles's Mauve' has gained the
Royal Horticultural Society
The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), founded in 1804 as the Horticultural Society of London, is the UK's leading gardening charity.
The RHS promotes horticulture through its five gardens at Wisley (Surrey), Hyde Hall (Essex), Harlow Carr (No ...
's
Award of Garden Merit
The Award of Garden Merit (AGM) is a long-established annual award for plants by the British Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). It is based on assessment of the plants' performance under UK growing conditions.
History
The Award of Garden Merit ...
. It can become a bushy evergreen perennial in milder locations. It is strongly scented and attractive to bees.
Ecology
''Erysimum'' is found in a range of habitats across the northern hemisphere, and has developed diverse morphology and growth habits (herbaceous annual or perennial, and woody perennial). ''Different Erysimum'' species are used as food plants by the
larva
A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle.
Th ...
butterflies
Butterflies are insects in the macrolepidopteran clade Rhopalocera from the order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths. Adult butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspicuous, fluttering flight. The group comprises t ...
and
moth
Moths are a paraphyletic group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies, with moths making up the vast majority of the order. There are thought to be approximately 160,000 species of moth, many of ...
s) species including the
garden carpet
The garden carpet (''Xanthorhoe fluctuata'') is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is an abundant and familiar species across its huge range which covers the whole Palearctic region from Ireland to Japan and including the Near East and North ...
(''Xanthorhoe fluctuata''). In addition, some species of weevils, like ''
Ceutorhynchus chlorophanus
''Ceutorhynchus'' is a genus of true weevils in the tribe Ceutorhynchini. There are at least 400 described species in ''Ceutorhynchus''.
'' Ceutorhynchus succinus'' Legalov, 2013
File:2013 Events Collage V2.png, From left, clockwise: Edwa ...
'', live inside the fruits feeding on the developing seeds. Many species of beetles, bugs and grasshoppers eat the leaves and stalks. Some mammalian herbivores, for example mule deer ('' Odocoileus hemionus'') in North America, argali ('' Ovis ammon'') in Mongolia, red deer (''
Cervus elaphus
The red deer (''Cervus elaphus'') is one of the largest deer species. A male red deer is called a stag or hart, and a female is called a hind. The red deer inhabits most of Europe, the Caucasus Mountains region, Anatolia, Iran, and parts of wes ...
'') in Central Europe, or Spanish ibex ('' Capra pyrenaica'') in the Iberian Peninsula, feed on wallflower flowering and fruiting stalks. ''
Erysimum crepidifolium
''Erysimum crepidifolium'', the pale wallflower, is a plant species in the crucifer family, Brassicaceae. It is a member of the genus ''Erysimum'', which includes between 150 and 350 species in the Northern Hemisphere.
Description
''Erysimum ...
'' (pale wallflower) is toxic to some generalist vertebrate herbivores.Bleicher Schöterich (''Erysimum crepidifolium''). In: giftpflanzen.com. /ref>
Most wallflowers are pollinator-generalists, their flowers being visited by many different species of bees, bee flies, hoverflies, butterflies, beetles, and ants. However, there are some specialist species. For example, ''
Erysimum scoparium
''Erysimum scoparium'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae, native to the Canary Islands. It is a shrubby species of wallflower with purplish flowers found at high altitudes.
Description
''Erysimum scoparium'' is a small ...
'' is pollinated almost exclusively by '' Anthophora alluadii''.
Defensive compounds
Like most
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae () or (the older) Cruciferae () is a medium-sized and economically important family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family. Most are herbaceous plants, while some are shrubs. The l ...
, species in the genus ''Erysimum'' produce
glucosinolates
Glucosinolates are natural components of many pungent plants such as mustard, cabbage, and horseradish. The pungency of those plants is due to mustard oils produced from glucosinolates when the plant material is chewed, cut, or otherwise damage ...
as defensive compounds. However, unlike almost all other genera in the Brassicaceae, ''Erysimum'' also accumulates
cardiac glycosides
Cardiac glycosides are a class of organic compounds that increase the output force of the heart and decrease its rate of contractions by inhibiting the cellular sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Their beneficial medical uses are as treatments for co ...
, another class of
phytochemicals
Phytochemicals are chemical compounds produced by plants, generally to help them resist fungi, bacteria and plant virus infections, and also consumption by insects and other animals. The name comes . Some phytochemicals have been used as pois ...
with an ecological importance in insect defense. Cardiac glycosides specifically function to prevent insect
herbivory
A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthp ...
ion channel
Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through the channel pore. Their functions include establishing a resting membrane potential, shaping action potentials and other electrical signals by gating the flow of ...
function in muscle cells. These chemicals are toxic enough to deter generalist, and even some specialist insect herbivores.
Cardiac glycoside
Cardiac glycosides are a class of organic compounds that increase the output force of the heart and decrease its rate of contractions by inhibiting the cellular sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Their beneficial medical uses are as treatments for co ...
production is widespread in ''Erysimum'', with at least 48 species in the genus containing these compounds. Accumulation of cardiac glycosides in ''
Erysimum crepidifolium
''Erysimum crepidifolium'', the pale wallflower, is a plant species in the crucifer family, Brassicaceae. It is a member of the genus ''Erysimum'', which includes between 150 and 350 species in the Northern Hemisphere.
Description
''Erysimum ...
'', but not other tested species, is induced by treatment with
jasmonic acid
Jasmonic acid (JA) is an organic compound found in several plants including jasmine. The molecule is a member of the jasmonate class of plant hormones. It is biosynthesized from linolenic acid by the octadecanoid pathway. It was first isolated ...
and
methyl jasmonate
Methyl jasmonate (abbreviated MeJA) is a volatile organic compound used in plant defense and many diverse developmental pathways such as seed germination, root growth, flowering, fruit ripening, and senescence. Methyl jasmonate is derived from ...
, endogenous elicitors of chemical defenses in many plant species. Molecular
phylogenetic
In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...
analysis indicates that ''Erysimum'' diversification from other
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae () or (the older) Cruciferae () is a medium-sized and economically important family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family. Most are herbaceous plants, while some are shrubs. The l ...
species that do not produce cardiac glycosides began in the
Pliocene
The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58 suggesting relatively recent evolution of cardiac glycosides as a defensive trait in this genus.
Escape from herbivory
The evolution of novel chemical defenses in plants, such as
cardenolide
A cardenolide is a type of steroid. Many plants contain derivatives, collectively known as cardenolides, including many in the form of cardenolide glycosides (cardenolides that contain structural groups derived from sugars). Cardenolide glycosid ...
s in the genus ''Erysimum'', is predicted to allow escape from herbivory by specialist herbivores and expansion into new ecological niches. The crucifer-feeding specialist '' Pieries rapae'' (white cabbage butterfly) is deterred from feeding and oviposition by cardenolides in '' Erysimum cheiranthoides.'' Similarly, ''Anthocharis cardamines'' (orange tip butterfly), which oviposits on almost all crucifer species, avoids '' E. cheiranthoides.'' ''Erysimum asperum'' (western wallflower) is resistant to feeding and oviposition of ''Pieris napi macdunnoughii'' (synonym '' Pieris marginalis'', margined white butterfly). Two crucifer-feeding beetles, ''Phaedon'' sp. and '' Phyllotreta'' sp., were deterred from feeding by
cardenolide
A cardenolide is a type of steroid. Many plants contain derivatives, collectively known as cardenolides, including many in the form of cardenolide glycosides (cardenolides that contain structural groups derived from sugars). Cardenolide glycosid ...
s that were applied to their preferred food plants. Consistent with the hypothesis of enhanced speciation after escape from herbivory, phylogenetic studies involving 128 ''Erysimum'' species indicate diversification in Eurasia between 0.5 and 2 million years ago, and in North America between 0.7 and 1.65 million years ago.) This evolutionarily rapid expansion of the ''Erysimum'' genus has resulted in several hundred known species distributed throughout the northern hemisphere.
Ethnobotanical uses of ''Erysimum''
''Erysimum'' species have a long history of use in traditional medicine. In
Naturalis Historia
The ''Natural History'' ( la, Naturalis historia) is a work by Pliny the Elder. The largest single work to have survived from the Roman Empire to the modern day, the ''Natural History'' compiles information gleaned from other ancient authors. ...
by
Pliny the Elder
Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/2479), called Pliny the Elder (), was a Roman author, naturalist and natural philosopher, and naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian. He wrote the encyclopedic ...
(~77), ''Erysimum'' is classified as a medicinal rather than a food plant. ''
Erysimum cheiri
''Erysimum cheiri'', syn. ''Cheiranthus cheiri'', the wallflower, is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae), native to Greece, but widespread as an introduced species elsewhere. It is also treated as a hybrid under ...
'' is described as a medicinal herb in
De Materia Medica
(Latin name for the Greek work , , both meaning "On Medical Material") is a pharmacopoeia of medicinal plants and the medicines that can be obtained from them. The five-volume work was written between 50 and 70 CE by Pedanius Dioscorides, a ...
by
Pedanius Dioscorides
Pedanius Dioscorides ( grc-gre, Πεδάνιος Διοσκουρίδης, ; 40–90 AD), “the father of pharmacognosy”, was a Greek physician, pharmacologist, botanist, and author of '' De materia medica'' (, On Medical Material) —a 5-vo ...
(~70), which was the predominant European medical
pharmacopeia
A pharmacopoeia, pharmacopeia, or pharmacopoea (from the obsolete typography ''pharmacopœia'', meaning "drug-making"), in its modern technical sense, is a book containing directions for the identification of compound medicines, and published by ...
for more than 1,500 years. Other
medieval
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire a ...
descriptions of medicinal herbs and their uses, including the Dispensatorium des Cordus by
Valerius Cordus
Valerius Cordus (18 February 1515 – 25 September 1544) was a German physician, botanist and pharmacologist who authored the first pharmacopoeia North of the Alps and one of the most celebrated herbals in history. He is also widely credited wit ...
(1542), Bocks Kräuterbuch by
Hieronymus Bock
Hieronymus Bock ( Latinised Hieronymus Tragus; c. 1498 – 21 February 1554) was a German botanist, physician, and Lutheran minister who began the transition from medieval botany to the modern scientific worldview by arranging plants by their re ...
(1577), and Tabernaemontanus’ Neuw Kreuterbuch by Jacobus Theodorus Tabernaemontanus (1588), also discuss applications of '' E. cheiri''. In traditional Chinese medicine, '' Erysimum cheiranthoides'' has been used to treat heart disease and other ailments. Although medical uses of ''Erysimum'' became uncommon in
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located enti ...
after the
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire ...
, ''Erysimum diffusum,'' as well as purified erysimin and erysimoside, have been applied more recently as Ukrainian ethnobotanical treatments.
Erysimum ammophilum
''Erysimum ammophilum'' is a species of wallflower known by the common name coast wallflower.
It is endemic to California, where it is an uncommon beach-dwelling wildflower. It is known from dunes and bluffs near Monterey Bay, the coastline of ...
Erysimum caboverdeanum
''Erysimum caboverdeanum'' is a species of flowering plants of the family Brassicaceae. The species is endemic to Cape Verde.Oromí, Martín, Zurita & Cabrera, 2005 : Lista preliminar de especies silvestres de Cabo Verde: Hongos, Plantas y Animal ...
syn.
The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently.
* In botanical nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different scientific name. For example, Linna ...
Erysimum crepidifolium
''Erysimum crepidifolium'', the pale wallflower, is a plant species in the crucifer family, Brassicaceae. It is a member of the genus ''Erysimum'', which includes between 150 and 350 species in the Northern Hemisphere.
Description
''Erysimum ...
Erysimum hedgeanum
''Erysimum'', or wallflower, is a genus of flowering plants in the cabbage family, Brassicaceae. It includes more than 150 species, both popular garden plants and many wild forms. The genus ''Cheiranthus'' is sometimes included here in whole o ...
Erysimum insulare
''Erysimum insulare'' is a species of ''Erysimum'' known by the common name island wallflower. It is endemic to coast of southern California, including the Channel Islands. ''Erysimum insulare'' grows on coastal bluffs and sand dunes.
Descrip ...
Erysimum menziesii
''Erysimum menziesii'' is a species of ''Erysimum'' known by the common name Menzies' wallflower.
This rare plant is endemic to California. It is found only in the declining beach sand dune habitat in three areas on the California coastline, in ...
Erysimum nervosum
''Erysimum nervosum'' (syn: ''Erysimum grandiflorum'' Desf. var. ''nervosum'' (Pomel) Batt.) is a short-lived, polycarpic perennial herb.
It is found in many montane regions of North Africa, including the Rif Mountains and Atlas Mountains in ...
Erysimum raulinii
''Erysimum'', or wallflower, is a genus of flowering plants in the cabbage family, Brassicaceae. It includes more than 150 species, both popular garden plants and many wild forms. The genus ''Cheiranthus'' is sometimes included here in whole ...
'' – Crete wallflower
* ''
Erysimum redowskii
''Erysimum redowskii'', synonym ''Erysimum pallasii'', known as Pallas' wallflower, is a low shrub or mid shrub species from the Arctic. It has purple flowers that do not reflect UV.
Taxonomy
''Erysimum redowskii'' was first described by Johann ...
Erysimum repandum
''Erysimum repandum'' is a species of ''Erysimum'' known by several common names, including spreading wallflower, spreading treacle-mustard, and bushy wallflower.
It is native to Eurasia, but it is known in many other parts of the world as an in ...
Erysimum scoparium
''Erysimum scoparium'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae, native to the Canary Islands. It is a shrubby species of wallflower with purplish flowers found at high altitudes.
Description
''Erysimum scoparium'' is a small ...