Erwin Dold (16 November 1919, in Wagensteig, part of the community of
Buchenbach
Buchenbach is a municipality in the south west of the Black Forest in Germany. It is located in the district of Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald in Baden-Württemberg. It is made up of four communities, the main town of Buchenbach and the villages of F ...
– 11 September 2012, in Buchenbach) was a fighter pilot in the
Luftwaffe, despite the fact that he was not a
Nazi Party member, then sergeant-major in the Luftwaffe ground staff,
Commandant of the
Concentration Camp Dautmergen, and director of the lumber company Dold Holzwerke in Buchenbach.
Early life
Dold was born in
Wagensteig in the
Black Forest region of southern Germany in 1919 and was connected to his family's lumber mill from his earliest years.
[Obituary "Ein Leben für die Gemeinschaft" in Badische Zeitung retrieved 2015.05.07](_blank)
/ref> The outbreak of World War II prevented him from officially joining the company and instead he was trained as a fighter pilot in the German air force, seeing action in France, Romania and Russia before being shot down over Crimea. He was seriously wounded and transferred to the ground staff in Freiburg im Breisgau
Freiburg im Breisgau (; abbreviated as Freiburg i. Br. or Freiburg i. B.; Low Alemannic German, Low Alemannic: ''Friburg im Brisgau''), commonly referred to as Freiburg, is an independent city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. With a population o ...
after his recovery.
Soon after this he was transferred as commander to the concentration camp Haslach in the Kinzigtal and after its closure in the autumn of 1944 to the concentration camp in Dautmergen, one of the sub-camps of the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp. Its main purpose was the mining of oil shale, gained under grossly inhumane conditions.
Commandant at Dautmergen
The catastrophic situation of the inmates appalled the 24-year-old officer; the barracks stood on a swampy field and had no floor. The mortality rate, primarily from Typhus and Paratyphus
Paratyphoid fever, also known simply as paratyphoid, is a bacterial infection caused by one of the three types of ''Salmonella enterica''. Symptoms usually begin 6–30 days after exposure and are the same as those of typhoid fever. Often, a grad ...
stood at up to 50 dead per day. At Dold's request a sanitary inspection commission was called in to examine the hygienic and medical facilities, resulting in the transfer of the commandant.
On 7 March 1945 Dold himself became the camp commandant. He distinguished himself through his humane conduct, saw to it that prisoners received clothing and food and improved the hygiene conditions. In adventurous sorties he managed to procure food with the help of a small groups of prisoners he had organised to help him, and with the financial assistance of his father, who ran the family firm. When ordered by the Gestapo to organise a firing squad for the execution of 23 Soviet officers between 5 and 7 April 1945, he refused to do so. That same month the camp was evacuated, few remaining prisoners were liberated by the French army.
Dold gave himself up voluntarily to the French occupation army and was interned with 24 other defendants accused of crimes against humanity. On 1 February 1947, on the basis of witness testimony by prisoners, he was acquitted as the sole concentration camp commandant on the grounds of "proven innocence."
Post-war years
After the war, he joined his father's company, which he later took over. For over 40 years he remained silent about the events of the war until in 1990, he spoke to Dr Thomas Seiterich. A year later a documentary movie was made for German television by Manfred Bannenberg.
On 8 November 2002 Erwin Dold was made citizen of honour of Buchenbach.Gérard Depardieu
Gérard Xavier Marcel Depardieu, CQ (, , ; born 27 December 1948) is a French actor, filmmaker, businessman and vineyard owner since 1989 who is one of the most prolific thespians in film history having completed over 250 films since 1967 alm ...
situated in Schömberg he was able give sound advice for the film script. He is played in the film by Matthias Schweighöfer.
On 11 September 2012 he died in his home town at the age of 92.
Literature
* Yveline Pendaries, ''Les Procès de Rastatt (1946-1954). Le jugement des crimes de guerre en zone française d'occupation en Allemagne'', Peter Lang, 1995, p. 189.
* Thomas Seiterich-Kreuzkamp: ''Der Fall Erwin Dold.'' In: Michael Kißener (Ed.): ''Widerstand gegen die Judenverfolgung.'' Universitätsverlag Konstanz, Konstanz 1996, , S. 261–283.
* Edwin Ernst Weber: ''Opfer des Unrechts: Stigmatisierung, Verfolgung und Vernichtung von Gegnern durch die NS-Gewaltherrschaft an Fallbeispielen aus Oberschwaben''. Thorbecke 2009, .
Film
* Manfred Bannenberg: ''Der KZ-Kommandant. Die ungewöhnliche Geschichte des Erwin Dold'', Dokumentarfilm, Deutschland 1991.
* Christian Schumacher: ''Himmel und Erde'', Deutschland 2012, mit Matthias Schweighöfer, Anna-Maria Mühe und Gérard DepardieuHimmel und Erde (2012/13)
Bundesverband Regie
Notes
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dold, Erwin
Nazi concentration camp commandants
Businesspeople from Baden-Württemberg
German Air Force personnel
1919 births
2012 deaths
People from Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald