Eruvin (, lit. "Mixtures") is the second tractate in the Order of

Moed Moed (, "Festivals") is the second Order of the Mishnah, the first written recording of the Oral Torah of the Jewish people (also the Tosefta and Talmud). Of the six orders of the Mishna, Moed is the third shortest. The order of Moed consists ...

in the

Talmud The Talmud (; ) is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law (''halakha'') and Jewish theology. Until the advent of Haskalah#Effects, modernity, in nearly all Jewish communities, the Talmud was the cen ...

, dealing with the various types of . In this sense this tractate is a natural extension of

Shabbat Shabbat (, , or ; , , ) or the Sabbath (), also called Shabbos (, ) by Ashkenazi Hebrew, Ashkenazim, is Judaism's day of rest on the seventh day of the seven-day week, week—i.e., Friday prayer, Friday–Saturday. On this day, religious Jews ...

; at one point these tractates were likely joined but then split due to length. The '' Ra'ya Mehemna'' (14th century) introduced ענ״י as an acronym for "Eruvin,

Niddah A niddah (alternative forms: nidda, nida, or nidah; ''nidá''), in traditional Judaism, is a woman who has experienced a uterine discharge of blood (most commonly during menstruation), or a woman who has menstruated and not yet completed the ...

, and

Yevamot Yevamot (, "Brother's Widow", also pronounced Yevamos, or Yavmus) is a tractate of the Talmud that deals with, among other concepts, the laws of Yibbum (, loosely translated in English as levirate marriage), and, briefly, with conversion to Jud ...

". According to

Jacob Emden Jacob Emden, also known as the Yaʿavetz (June 4, 1697 – April 19, 1776), was a leading German rabbi and talmudist who championed traditional Judaism in the face of the growing influence of the Sabbatean movement. He was widely acclaimed for ...

, עני ''destitute'' is a pun which references the reputed difficulty of these tractates, and the acronym serves to warn off students. Eliezer Sofer uses it for "Eruvin, Nazir, Yevamot", arguing that Nazir is more difficult, and some also use "Eruvin, Nedarim, Yevamot".

Structure

The tractate consists of ten chapters with a total of 96

mishnayot The Mishnah or the Mishna (; , from the verb ''šānā'', "to study and review", also "secondary") is the first written collection of the Jewish oral traditions that are known as the Oral Torah. Having been collected in the 3rd century CE, it is ...

. Its Babylonian

version is of 105 pages and its

Jerusalem Talmud The Jerusalem Talmud (, often for short) or Palestinian Talmud, also known as the Talmud of the Land of Israel, is a collection of rabbinic notes on the second-century Jewish oral tradition known as the Mishnah. Naming this version of the Talm ...

version is of 65 pages. An overview of the content of chapters is as follows: * Chapter 1 () has ten mishnayot. * Chapter 2 () has six mishnayot. * Chapter 3 () has nine mishnayot. * Chapter 4 () has eleven mishnayot. * Chapter 5 () has nine mishnayot. * Chapter 6 () has ten mishnayot. * Chapter 7 () has eleven mishnayot. * Chapter 8 () has eleven mishnayot. * Chapter 9 () has four mishnayot. * Chapter 10 () has fifteen mishnayot.

Main subjects

Eruv Chatzeirot

An eruv (; Hebrew: עירוב, "mixture"), also transliterated as eiruv or erub, plural: eruvin �eʁuˈvin is a ritual enclosure that permits Jewish residents or visitors to carry certain objects outside their own homes on Sabbath and Yom Kippur (the Day of Atonement). An eruv accomplishes this by integrating a number of private and public properties into one larger private domain, thereby countermanding restrictions on carrying objects from the private to the public domain on Sabbath and holidays. The eruv allows these religious Jews to, among other things, carry house keys, tissues, medicines, or babies with them, and use strollers and canes. Orthodox Judaism prohibits motorized transportation on Shabbat and holidays, although the presence of an ''eruv'' for carrying permits certain types of non-motorized transport such as strollers and wheelchairs. The presence or absence of an eruv thus especially affects the lives of people with limited mobility and those responsible for taking care of babies and young children.

''Eruv techumin''

An ''eruv techumin'' (

Hebrew Hebrew (; ''ʿÎbrit'') is a Northwest Semitic languages, Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family. A regional dialect of the Canaanite languages, it was natively spoken by the Israelites and ...

: עירוב תחומין "mixed borders") for traveling enables a traditionally observant Jew to travel on

or a

Jewish holiday Jewish holidays, also known as Jewish festivals or ''Yamim Tovim'' (, or singular , in transliterated Hebrew []), are holidays observed by Jews throughout the Hebrew calendar.This article focuses on practices of mainstream Rabbinic Judaism. ...

. The Jew prepares food prior to Shabbat or a holiday at a location to which they plan to travel that is farther than is normally allowed on such days.

''Eruv tavshilin''

An ''eruv tavshilin'' (

: עירוב תבשילין "mixed cooked food items") is made in the home on the eve of a holiday with a work proscription that directly precedes the Sabbath. It is made by taking a cooked item and a baked item, and placing them together. It is common to use a piece of cooked egg, fish, or meat as the cooked item and a piece of bread or matzah as the baked item. It is needed because while it is allowed to cook and transfer fire on holidays (unlike the Sabbath and Yom Kippur, when these activities are forbidden), these activities are allowed to be done for use on only the holiday, and not for the next day. The ''eruv tavshilin'' makes it possible to begin preparing for the Sabbath before the holiday, and continue doing so. The foods of the ''eruv tavshilin'' are traditionally eaten on the Sabbath day following the holiday.

External links

Tractate Eiruvin

References

{{Mishnah Oral Torah Tractates of the Talmud Eruvin