Ernest Witebsky
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Ernest Witebsky, also Ernest Witebsky (3 September 1901 in
Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt am Main () is the most populous city in the States of Germany, German state of Hesse. Its 773,068 inhabitants as of 2022 make it the List of cities in Germany by population, fifth-most populous city in Germany. Located in the forela ...
– 7 December 1969) was a German-American immunologist.


Early life and education

Ernest Witebsky was born in
Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt am Main () is the most populous city in the States of Germany, German state of Hesse. Its 773,068 inhabitants as of 2022 make it the List of cities in Germany by population, fifth-most populous city in Germany. Located in the forela ...
. From 1920 to 1926 Witebsky studied medicine at the University of Frankfurt and the
University of Heidelberg Heidelberg University, officially the Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg (; ), is a public university, public research university in Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Founded in 1386 on instruction of Pope Urban VI, Heidelberg is List ...
.


Career

After graduating from medical school in 1925 he worked with
Hans Sachs Hans Sachs (5 November 1494 – 19 January 1576) was a German ''Meistersinger'' ("mastersinger"), poetry, poet, playwright, and shoemaking, shoemaker. Biography Hans Sachs was born in Nuremberg (). As a child he attended a singing school that w ...
at Heidelberg primarily on brain and organ tissue, as well as blood group antigens. In 1933, he left Germany for Switzerland as a result of Nazi pressure, and in 1935 joined the Medical School of the
University at Buffalo The State University of New York at Buffalo (commonly referred to as UB, University at Buffalo, and sometimes SUNY Buffalo) is a public university, public research university in Buffalo, New York, Buffalo and Amherst, New York, United States. ...
. In the 1950s he had begun studying antigens specific to a single organ, in the case of the thyroid gland, the antigen was thyroglobulin. He was a mentor to
Noel Rose Noel R. Rose (December 3, 1927 – July 30, 2020), was an American immunologist, pathologist, and molecular microbiologist. He is widely known for pioneering autoimmunity during the 1950s and made several contributions to the field of autoimmunity, ...
in this research endeavor to prepare thyroglobulin from rabbits. In 1967 the State University of New York created The Center for Immunology in Buffalo and appointed him as its first director.


Achievements

Witebsky helped develop procedures for the isolation and partial characterization of A and B blood antigens. He also began the practice of neutralization of certain antibodies in the blood of universal blood donors. In 1957, he co-authored a paper the "Witebsky's postulates" which determined whether a disease entity could be regarded as an
autoimmune disease An autoimmune disease is a condition that results from an anomalous response of the adaptive immune system, wherein it mistakenly targets and attacks healthy, functioning parts of the body as if they were foreign organisms. It is estimated tha ...
: * Direct demonstration of free circulating antibodies active at body temperature. * Recognition of the specific antigen (for this antibody). * Production of antibodies against same antigen in experimental animals. * Experimental animal demonstrates same tissue changes in human. In 1993, the Postulates were revised based on direct evidence from transfer of pathogenic antibody or pathogenic T-cells, indirect evidence based on reproduction of the autoimmune disease in experimental animals and circumstantial evidence from clinical clues.: * Auto-antibodies detectable in all cases of disease. * Experimentally reproducible by immunization with antigen. * Experimental disease must show immunopathological lesions that parallel those in the natural disease. * Transferable by serum or lymphoid cells. In 1959 Witebsky received the Karl Landsteiner Award for his work with blood antibodies. In 2019, Witebsky was posthumously honored alongside his mentee, Noel Rose, with a
Golden Goose Award The Golden Goose Award is a United States award in recognition of scientists whose federally funded basic research has led to innovations or inventions with significant impact on humanity or society. Created by Congressman Jim Cooper of Tennessee ...
for their work on autoimmune disease.


References


Further reading

* National Cyclopaedia of American Biography (1975) "Witebsky, Ernest (1901-1969)" ''The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography: Volume 56'' James T. White & Co., New York; * Marquis Who's Who (1973) "Witebsky, Ernest (1901-1969)" ''Who Was Who in America, Volume 5, 1969-1973'', Marquis Who's Who, Chicago; * Milgrom, Felix (June 1970
"Obituary:Ernest Witebsky" ''Blood'' 35(6): pp. 869-870


External links


Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology
American immunologists 1901 births 1969 deaths 20th-century German physicians Emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States {{US-physician-stub