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Ernest Lagarde (September 4, 1836 – October 25, 1914) was a
mixed race Mixed race people are people of more than one race or ethnicity. A variety of terms have been used both historically and presently for mixed race people in a variety of contexts, including ''multiethnic'', ''polyethnic'', occasionally ''bi-eth ...
Creole author, journalist, professor, publisher, and linguist. He spoke many languages including Greek, following his
Greek-American Greek Americans ( el, Ελληνοαμερικανοί ''Ellinoamerikanoí'' ''Ellinoamerikánoi'' ) are Americans of full or partial Greeks, Greek ancestry. The lowest estimate is that 1.2 million Americans are of Greek descent while the hi ...
heritage. Lagarde was a member of the prominent Creole Dimitry family of New Orleans. The family was involved in a large number of controversial incidents that involved racism. He was a faculty member at
Mount St. Mary's University Mount St. Mary's University (The Mount) is a private Roman Catholic university in Emmitsburg, Maryland. It includes the largest Catholic seminary in the United States. The undergraduate programs are divided between the College of Liberal Arts, ...
for over 45 years. He served as chairman of the university's Department of Modern Languages and Literature. Lagarde worked for several newspapers and also wrote several scholarly books, including one on William Shakespeare entitled ''Shakespeare A Lecture''. He started a newspaper for Mount Saint Mary's College called ''The Mountain Echo''. Lagarde was born to parents Jean Baptist Lagarde and Marie Francesca Athenais Dimitry. His father died while Lagarde was a young child, and so his uncle
Alexander Dimitry Alexander Dimitry (February 7, 1805 – January 30, 1883) was a mixed race Louisiana creole. He was the first state superintendent of public instruction in Louisiana, an author, diplomat, educator, journalist, lawyer, orator, and publicist. He ...
took on an important role in Lagarde's upbringing. Lagarde initially studied law and medicine at the University of Louisiana (now known as
Tulane University Tulane University, officially the Tulane University of Louisiana, is a private research university in New Orleans, Louisiana. Founded as the Medical College of Louisiana in 1834 by seven young medical doctors, it turned into a comprehensive pu ...
), although he switched to journalism and later teaching. He received both a bachelor's degree and master's degree from
Georgetown University Georgetown University is a private university, private research university in the Georgetown (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Founded by Bishop John Carroll (archbishop of Baltimore), John Carroll in 1789 as Georg ...
. After 1869, Lagarde became a
tenured Tenure is a category of academic appointment existing in some countries. A tenured post is an indefinite academic appointment that can be terminated only for cause or under extraordinary circumstances, such as financial exigency or program disco ...
professor at Mount St. Mary's University. Lagarde built an elaborate estate one mile south of Mount Saint Mary's College called the ''Inglewood Estate'' where he raised his children. The house has remained well-preserved. College of Saint Francis Xavier (New York) conferred on Lagarde a Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) as an
honorary degree An honorary degree is an academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding institution) has waived all of the usual requirements. It is also known by the Latin phrases ''honoris causa'' ("for the sake of the honour") or '' ad ho ...
. Lagarde was a member of the
Modern Language Association of America The Modern Language Association of America, often referred to as the Modern Language Association (MLA), is widely considered the principal professional association in the United States for scholars of language and literature. The MLA aims to "st ...
, the National Society of the
Sons of the American Revolution The National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution (SAR or NSSAR) is an American congressionally chartered organization, founded in 1889 and headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky. A non-profit corporation, it has described its purpos ...
, and the
Louisiana Historical Society Louisiana Historical Society, established in 1835, is a historical society in Louisiana charged with documentation and protection of colonial records. According to its website, it is the oldest historical organization in the state. The society ha ...
. He was also a member of the Phonetic and Philological Association of the United States which honored him during the 1876 centennial of the United States. Lagarde's son Ernest Lagarde Jr. was on the commission of the Panama Canal. His daughter Alice Lagarde married Italian-American composer
Giuseppe Ferrata Giuseppe Ferrata (1865–1928) was an Italian-American pianist, composer, and university professor. He was a student of Giovanni Sgambati and Franz Liszt at the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia (English: National Academy of Saint Cecilia) in R ...
. Lagarde died in Emmitsburg, Maryland, and had a well-attended funeral.


Early life

Ernest Lagarde was born in New Orleans to his father Jean Baptist Lagarde, who was of French descent, and to his mother Marie Francesca Athenais Dimitry. Jean Baptist Lagarde was his mother's second husband of three husbands. Scholar
Alexander Dimitry Alexander Dimitry (February 7, 1805 – January 30, 1883) was a mixed race Louisiana creole. He was the first state superintendent of public instruction in Louisiana, an author, diplomat, educator, journalist, lawyer, orator, and publicist. He ...
was Ernest Lagarde's uncle, and he had an important role in Lagarde's childhood, having educated Ernest Lagarde,
Charles Patton Dimitry Charles Patton Dimitry (July 31, 1837 – November 10, 1910) was an American author, poet, journalist, inventor, historian and Confederate States of America, Confederate soldier. He was the second son of author and diplomat Alexander Dimitry and ...
,
John Bull Smith Dimitry John Bull Smith Dimitry (December 27, 1835 – September 7, 1901) was an American author, professor, and Confederate soldier. Despite his mixed heritage, ( octoroon), he is one of the few people of color venerated by the Confederacy. As the son ...
, and other family members.


Family racial encounters

The Creole community of New Orleans suffered significant cultural and racial oppression which eventually became a part of everyday life, and Lagarde's family had several racial encounters that were important in his life or upbringing. Lagarde's grandmother
Marianne Céleste Dragon Marie Celeste Dragon (1777–1856) was a wealthy creole slave owner, known for her portrait by José Francisco Xavier de Salazar y Mendoza. She was the wife of Andrea Dimitry. They were an interracial couple. Dragon passed neither as black or w ...
was listed as a white person on public records including marriage records, due to the family's high social status within the Creole community. At the time, people of color in the region were persecuted by strict laws and being listed legally as white was desirable. The grandmother was brought to court in the 1830s by the sisters Pauline Forstall and Josephine Forstall because the grandmother had inherited property from the Forstall family. The sisters contested the inheritance on racial grounds. The court eventually sided with Dragon, allowing her to keep her property and white status, ruling that the family as a whole had been in possession of the right to be categorized as a person not born of Negro heritage. Another incident involving the Dimitry family included Lagarde's sister's husband
George Pandely George Pandely (August 1829 - September 28, 1894) was a mixed race Louisiana creole. He was a court clerk, teacher, politician, entrepreneur, and superintendent of different railroad companies from 1859 to 1883 in New Orleans. He was a member ...
. Pandely was running for a position on the Board of Assistant
Aldermen An alderman is a member of a municipal assembly or council in many jurisdictions founded upon English law. The term may be titular, denoting a high-ranking member of a borough or county council, a council member chosen by the elected members th ...
a position similar to a city councilman. The position was responsible for urban infrastructure in New Orleans including streets and sidewalks. Pandely's opponent Victor Wiltz accused Pandely's grandmother of having African ancestry in order to discredit Pandely's candidacy. Pandely won th election, which was in 1853, but resigned the office seven months later because of the public pressure brought on by Wiltz's accusations. Pandely took Wiltz to court for slander, and the incident led to the court case entitled ''Pandelly v. Wiltz (1854)'' the case was dismissed in favor of Pandely, but there was no financial award. Three similar cases were ''Cauchoix v. Dupuy (1831)'', ''Bollumet v. Phillips (1842)'', and ''Dobard et al. v. Nunez (1851)'' dealing with race. Crowds of spectators stood outside the court in the wintertime trail. Some of the Dimitry children attended the proceedings along with Alexander Dimitry. Lagarde was seventeen years old at the time. Children of the Dimitry family witnessed the extent of racial oppression, and in one instance a member of the Dimitry family was racially insulted and fled the courtroom along with the children. Because of the large amount of news coverage, Dimitry's school went from having fifty students to only five. This incident became known as the Pandely Affair. The Pandely Affair motivated later generations of the Dimitry family to create a new genealogy in which they claimed descent from a mythical, Indian princess of the Alibamu tribe named Malanta Talla. The case is an example of
ethnocide Ethnocide is the extermination of cultures. Reviewing the legal and the academic history of the usage of the terms genocide and ethnocide, Bartolomé Clavero differentiates them by stating that "Genocide kills people while ethnocide kills socia ...
in which the African heritage was ignored. However, New Orleans records indicate both their grandmother Marianne Céleste Dragon and the great-grandmother were not of Indian descent. Their great-grandmother was a former slave named Marie Françoise Chauvin Beaulieu de Montplaisir. She belonged to Charles Daprémont de La Lande, a member of the Superior Council and she is listed as
mulatto (, ) is a racial classification to refer to people of mixed African and European ancestry. Its use is considered outdated and offensive in several languages, including English and Dutch, whereas in languages such as Spanish and Portuguese ...
.


Education and young adulthood

Despite enduring racial atrocities when he was in his teenage years, Lagarde was committed to personal advancement and his education. He remained heavily influenced by his uncle, the scholar Alexander Dimitry, and continued to be close to him. In homage, Dimitry named one of his children Ernest Lagarde Dimitry. By the late 1850s, the family had survived the Pandely Affair, and Lagarde became the Librarian of the Mercantile Library Association in New Orleans, working there from 1857 to 1860. Around 1859–1860, he briefly served as deputy clerk for the United States District Court (
Eastern District of Louisiana The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana (in case citations, E.D. La.) is a United States federal court based in New Orleans. Appeals from the Eastern District of Louisiana are taken to the United States Court of A ...
). Lagarde also attended classes at the University of Louisiana, studying law and medicine. He then decided to study to become a journalist, which was at the same time as his first cousin
Charles Patton Dimitry Charles Patton Dimitry (July 31, 1837 – November 10, 1910) was an American author, poet, journalist, inventor, historian and Confederate States of America, Confederate soldier. He was the second son of author and diplomat Alexander Dimitry and ...
did so. Beginning in 1857, he wrote for a New Orleans newspaper entitled ''The Magnate''. He also started a political campaign publication named ''The Sentinel'', which he published together with his cousin Charles P. Dimitry. Lagarde married Anne Angelique Leonie Laforque on February 11, 1861. Her parents were M. Laforque and Angelique Langlois, both of French heritage.


Career

During the
American Civil War The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union ("the North") and the Confederacy ("the South"), the latter formed by state ...
, Lagarde joined the Crescent Regiment, under Colonel Marshall J. Smith. He was sent to Richmond, Virginia, to serve in the ordnance bureau as a clerk to Colonel Georgas. His uncle Alexander Dimitry, Charles Patton Dimitry, and
John Bull Smith Dimitry John Bull Smith Dimitry (December 27, 1835 – September 7, 1901) was an American author, professor, and Confederate soldier. Despite his mixed heritage, ( octoroon), he is one of the few people of color venerated by the Confederacy. As the son ...
were also in Richmond at the time. While he was at the ordnance bureau, Lagarde published a monthly magazine in Richmond under the partnership name of Ernest Lagarde and Co. The editor was W.H. Burwell and the magazine was entitled ''The Age''. While in Richmond, he also edited the evening edition of the ''Richmond Whig''. After Richmond surrendered to Union forces, Lagarde published the ''Richmond Bulletin'' along with Charles Patton Dimitry and George C. Weddenburn who was also from New Orleans. At the end of the Civil War, Lagarde was appointed professor of modern languages at
Randolph Macon College Randolph may refer to: Places In the United States * Randolph, Alabama, an unincorporated community * Randolph, Arizona, a populated place * Randolph, California, a village merged into the city of Brea * Randolph, Illinois, an unincorporated commu ...
then located in
Mecklenburg County, Virginia Mecklenburg County is a county in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 30,319. Its county seat is Boydton. History Mecklenburg County was organized on March 1, 1765, having split from Lunenburg County in 17 ...
. Lagarde then moved to
Petersburg, Virginia Petersburg is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 33,458. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines Petersburg (along with the city of Colonial Heights) with Din ...
, where he remained for one year when he worked as editor of the ''Petersburg Press''. At the same time, Lagarde taught at the Petersburg Female College. Lagarde earned both a bachelor's and master's degree from Georgetown University between 1866 and 1869. His cousins Charles Patton Dimitry and John Bull Smith Dimitry also received degrees from Georgetown around the same period. In 1869, he was elected Chair of Modern Languages and English Literature at Mount Saint Mary College, a position he held for the rest of his life. Lagarde was honored by College of Saint Francis Xavier (New York) which conferred him a degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.). In the 1890s, during his tenure at Mount Saint Mary College, Lagarde had a feud with another faculty member, composer
Giuseppe Ferrata Giuseppe Ferrata (1865–1928) was an Italian-American pianist, composer, and university professor. He was a student of Giovanni Sgambati and Franz Liszt at the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia (English: National Academy of Saint Cecilia) in R ...
, because Ferrata wanted to marry his daughter Alice. Eventually, Lagarde consented to the marriage. Ferrata, a former student of
Franz Liszt Franz Liszt, in modern usage ''Liszt Ferenc'' . Liszt's Hungarian passport spelled his given name as "Ferencz". An orthographic reform of the Hungarian language in 1922 (which was 36 years after Liszt's death) changed the letter "cz" to simpl ...
, later became a noted composer and pianist. Lagarde had opportunity to became a diplomat like his uncle Alexander Dimitry. He was endorsed as Minister to San Salvador roughly one year prior to his death. Lagarde died on October 25, 1914, at 78 years of age. Hundreds of people attended his funeral, and the pallbearers at his funeral were eight senior students from the college. His wife was still alive at the time of his death.


Inglewood Estate

On August 31, 1880, Ernest and Leona Lagarde purchased a parcel of land from Mathew and Mary Moran, the land that Lagarde then used to construct Inglewood Estate. It was one mile south of Mount St. Mary's University. Lagarde subsequently built Inglewood Estate on the land, and he lived there until his death in 1914. The home was built in the typical
Victorian architectural style Victorian architecture is a series of architectural revival styles in the mid-to-late 19th century. ''Victorian'' refers to the reign of Queen Victoria (1837–1901), called the Victorian era, during which period the styles known as Victorian ...
that was prevalent at the time in Emmitsburg, Maryland. Lagarde's construction included various outbuildings on the property. Lagarde published the school's first newspaper ''The Mountain Echo'' from his library at Inglewood Estate. After Lagarde's death in 1914, the estate was rented to George and Blanch Wilhide and a Baltimore physician Dr. Martin, who used the estate as a summer home. By July 31, 1920, the estate was sold at a public auction for around US$4000. It was obtained by a Roman Catholic priest named Rev. John H. Echkenrode who used it as a boarding house in the 1930s. In 1939, the house was purchased by Leona C. Mercer who resided there until 1955. Then the estate was sold to Kenneth P. and Margaret Anders who owned it only until 1959 when it was purchased by Floyd Lewis. Lewis owned the property until 1977, and, during this period, the estate was declared a historical site by the
Maryland Historical Trust The Maryland Historical Trust is an agency of Maryland Department of Planning and serves as the Maryland State Historic Preservation Office. The agency serves to assist in research, conservation, and education, of Maryland's historical and cultura ...
. The current estate is about in area. The address for Inglewood Estate is 15942 Saint Anthony Rd, Thurmont, MD 21788.


Scholarly works


References


Bibliography

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Lagarde, Ernest 1836 births 1914 deaths 19th-century Greek Americans American people of Creole descent Louisiana Creole people People of Louisiana in the American Civil War African Americans in the American Civil War Georgetown University alumni 19th-century American educators 19th-century American male writers American writers of Greek descent Mount St. Mary's University faculty Dimitry Family (Creoles) 19th-century American academics