Eritrea–Italy Relations

Eritrea–Italy relations are the bilateral relations between Italy and Eritrea. Both nations are members of the United Nations.

History

Eritrea was an Italian colony from the 1880s until the defeat of the Italians by the Allies of World War II in 1941.The first Italian establishment in what is now known as Eritrea was in 1869 with the purchase of Assab by the Rubattino Shipping Company, which came under government control in 1882. In 1890 the colony of Eritrea (Italian: Colonia Eritrea) was officially founded. Mussolini's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought major changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After he declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the recently conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. It remained so until Italy lost the region in 1941, during the East African campaign of World War II. Italian Eritrea then came under British military administration, and then in 1951 fell under United Nations supervision. Italy maintained some influence over Eritrean politics after 1948.

Asmara, the capital of Eritrea, used to be known as "Little Rome", was one of the most famous destinations for both native Eritreans and Italian colonialists. The city still retains a lot of Italian architecture.

When Eritrea gained independence from Ethiopia in 1991, Italy was one of the earliest nations in the world to recognise Eritrea as a country.

Eritreans are fleeing conscription and the country's political and economic isolation. Eritreans were the largest group of migrants and refugees entering Italy by sea in 2015, accounting for 25 per cent of arrivals in Italy, mainly coming via the Central Mediterranean route in boats departing from Libya. In 2016 there was a significant reduction.

Citizenship for Italian Eritreans

During the colonial period

During the first decades of Italian colonialism in Eritrea, the Italian community remained numerically small and consisted almost entirely of unmarried or married males, with their wives, not counting military personnel. The colonial government did not look favourably on unions between Italian men and Eritrean women. Nonetheless, some children born from relationships between Italian men and Eritrean women were recognised as Italians, as the principle that citizenship followed the paternal line prevailed among both Italians and Eritreans.

Most of these children were abandoned, with Italian men replicating patterns of behaviour that also existed in their homeland, whereby the master would abuse the servant girl, dismissing her when she became pregnant. Such children were, however, considered to be Italian, especially on the Eritrean side, as in their culture, descent also followed the paternal line. Both the liberal and fascist governments until 1933 allowed meticci''' to be granted Italian citizenship, even when not recognised by their fathers.

"In 1940, the 'Norme relative ai meticci' (Law No. 822 of 13 May 1940) prohibited Italians from recognising children had by Africans and from contributing to their maintenance, and assigned to ''meticci'' the legal status of colonial subjects". These regulations found their ideological foundation in a form of biological racism, according to which mixing would cause a degeneration of the Italic race.

During the sixty years of colonialism in the Horn of Africa, it is estimated that at least 20 thousand ''meticci'' or moretti''' (a term perceived as derogatory) were born, and of these only five or six thousand were recognised.

After World War II

After the Second World War, laws changed. Eritrea became part of independent Ethiopia and in Rome it was established that those born in the territories of the former colonies were to be declared Italian citizens "if for any reason it can be justifiably believed that one of their parents is an Italian citizen".

From the period of independence to the present

The 1992 Italian law on 'ius sanguinis' grants dual citizenship to those who can prove they have Italian ancestors, which is extremely difficult for those who cannot reconstruct their genealogical line. More than 300 descendants of people born under Italian rule were still in 2021 asking President Mattarella and the government to recognise the crime of colonial racism, which marked the lives of thousands of Italian-Eritreans, despised in their homeland precisely because they were not recognised by their fathers.

Bilateral agreement for Italian schools

The Italian and Eritrean governments signed an agreement on 21 September 2012 to recognise Italian State Schools in Asmara.

On 25 May 2020, Eritrea unilaterally decided to withdraw from the Agreement, also revoking the licence to operate the Istituto Italiano Statale Omnicomprensivo di Asmara.The causes of the closure, according to the Eritrean government, are linked to the Italian government's decision to suspend the school's teaching activities due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A decision, according to the Eritrean authorities, taken arbitrarily, without prior consultation with local counterparts and leaving students and teachers in a situation of uncertainty. Furthermore, in June 2020, the Eritrean Ministry of Education banned students of Eritrean nationality who were supposed to sit for the State Examinations. This ban was later lifted.

A diplomatic action involving the Farnesina and Palazzo Chigi began in June in an attempt to mend relations between the two countries. On 26 June 2020, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Marina Sereni

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