Eritrea–Ethiopia Relations
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Eritrea Eritrea, officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa, with its capital and largest city being Asmara. It is bordered by Ethiopia in the Eritrea–Ethiopia border, south, Sudan in the west, and Dj ...
and
Ethiopia Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Ken ...
have been historically adversarial. Eritrea gained independence from Ethiopia in 1993 after the
Eritrean War of Independence The Eritrean War of Independence was an War, armed conflict and insurgency aimed at achieving self-determination and independence for Eritrea from Ethiopian rule. Starting in 1961, Eritrean insurgents engaged in guerrilla warfare to liberate ...
, after which relations were cordial. Since independence Eritrea's relationship with Ethiopia was entirely political, especially in the resuscitation and expansion of
IGAD The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) is an eight-country trade bloc in Africa. It includes governments from the Horn of Africa, Nile Valley and the African Great Lakes. It is headquartered in Djibouti. Formation The Intergov ...
's scope. However, the 1998
Eritrean–Ethiopian War The Eritrean–Ethiopian War, also known as the Badme War, was a major armed conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea that took place from May 6, 1998 to June 18, 2000. After 1993 Eritrean independence referendum, Eritrea gained independence from E ...
marked a turning point, and their relationship became increasingly hostile. Upon the selection of
Abiy Ahmed Abiy Ahmed Ali (; ; born 15 August 1976) is an Ethiopian politician who is the current Prime Minister of Ethiopia since 2018 and the leader of the Prosperity Party since 2019. He rose through the ranks of government via the Information Networ ...
as Ethiopian Prime Minister, a
peace agreement A peace treaty is an agreement between two or more hostile parties, usually countries or governments, which formally ends a state of war between the parties. It is different from an armistice, which is an agreement to stop hostilities; a surr ...
was forged, and ties between the neighbouring countries were re-established on 9 July 2018. The alliance between the two countries was strengthened in 2020 with Eritrean troops reportedly assisting the Ethiopian Army in the Tigray Conflict, but have since deteriorated as Eritrea has backed
Somalia Somalia, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia, is the easternmost country in continental Africa. The country is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, th ...
during the current escalations of the
Ethiopian–Somali conflict The Ethiopian–Somali conflict is a territorial and political dispute between Ethiopia, Somalia, and Insurgency, insurgents in the area. Originating in the 1300s, the present conflict stems from Menelik II's conquests, the Ethiopian Empire's ...
.


History


Early relations

The territories of present-day Ethiopia and Eritrea are closely linked since ancient times. The ancient
Kingdom of Aksum The Kingdom of Aksum, or the Aksumite Empire, was a kingdom in East Africa and South Arabia from classical antiquity to the Middle Ages, based in what is now northern Ethiopia and Eritrea, and spanning present-day Djibouti and Sudan. Emerging ...
, which existed from the 1st century AD to the early
Middle Ages In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the 5th to the late 15th centuries, similarly to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and ...
, encompassed parts of both countries. In the highlands of present-day Eritrea, the Kingdom of
Medri Bahri Medri Bahri ( Tigrinya: ምድሪ ባሕሪ, English: ''Land of the Sea'') or Mereb Melash (Tigrinya: መረብ ምላሽ, English: ''Beyond the Mereb''), also known as Baharanegash, Ma'ikele Bahr or Bambolo Melash was a semi-autonomous province o ...
(
Bahri Negassi Medri Bahri ( Tigrinya: ምድሪ ባሕሪ, English: ''Land of the Sea'') or Mereb Melash (Tigrinya: መረብ ምላሽ, English: ''Beyond the Mereb''), also known as Baharanegash, Ma'ikele Bahr or Bambolo Melash was a semi-autonomous province o ...
) existed from the 15th century onwards. As a Christian vassal state, it enjoyed considerable autonomy from the
Abyssinian Empire The Ethiopian Empire, historically known as Abyssinia or simply Ethiopia, was a sovereign state that encompassed the present-day territories of Ethiopia and Eritrea. It existed from the establishment of the Solomonic dynasty by Yekuno Amlak a ...
for a time. At the same time, the Eritrean coastal regions were subject to foreign powers for a long time from the 16th century onwards: the
Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...
occupied the port city of
Massawa Massawa or Mitsiwa ( ) is a port city in the Northern Red Sea Region, Northern Red Sea region of Eritrea, located on the Red Sea at the northern end of the Gulf of Zula beside the Dahlak Archipelago. It has been a historically important port for ...
and controlled the islands and coasts of the
Red Sea The Red Sea is a sea inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. Its connection to the ocean is in the south, through the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait and the Gulf of Aden. To its north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and th ...
with interruptions for over three centuries. In the 19th century, Egyptian troops also extended their influence to Eritrea, but were defeated by an Ethiopian army on the Mareb River in 1875. Towards the end of the 19th century, Eritrea became the focus of Italy's colonial ambitions. The Italian shipping company Rubattino acquired the coastal area around
Assab Assab or Aseb (, ) is a port city in the Southern Red Sea Region of Eritrea. It is situated on the west coast of the Red Sea. Languages spoken in Assab are predominantly Afar language, Afar, Tigrinya language, Tigrinya, and Arabic. After the Ita ...
in 1869, which became the property of the Italian state in 1882. In 1885, Italian troops occupied the port city of Massawa and began the gradual conquest of the Eritrean hinterland from there.


Colonial era

Italy's expansion in the
Horn of Africa The Horn of Africa (HoA), also known as the Somali Peninsula, is a large peninsula and geopolitical region in East Africa.Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara, Second Edition: A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guilford Press; 2004), ...
led to conflict with Abyssinia (now Ethiopia). Emperor
Yohannes IV Yohannes IV ( Tigrinya: ዮሓንስ ፬ይ ''Rabaiy Yōḥānnes''; horse name Abba Bezbiz also known as Kahśsai; born ''Lij'' Kahssai Mercha; 11 July 1837 – 10 March 1889) was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1871 to his death in 1889 at the ...
initially resisted, but his successor,
Menelik II Menelik II ( ; horse name Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው ''abba daññäw''); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), baptised as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም ''sahlä maryam'') was king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of Et ...
, recognized Italian rule over the territories north of the Mereb River in the
Treaty of Wuchale The Treaty of Wuchale (also spelled Treaty of Ucciale; , ) was a treaty signed between the Ethiopian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy. The signing parties were King Menelik II of Shewa, acting as Emperor of Ethiopia, and Count representing Ita ...
in 1889. When Italian troops attempted to advance from Eritrea into Abyssinia, they were decisively defeated by Menelik's army on March 1, 1896, in the
Battle of Adwa The Battle of Adwa (; ; , also spelled ''Adowa'') was the climactic battle of the First Italo-Ethiopian War. The Ethiopian army defeated an invading Italian and Eritrean force led by Oreste Baratieri on March 1, 1896, near the town of Adwa. ...
. In the
Treaty of Addis Ababa The Treaty of Addis Ababa, signed on 23 October 1896, formally ended the First Italo-Ethiopian War on terms mostly favourable to Ethiopia. This treaty superseded a secret agreement between Ethiopia and Italy negotiated days after the decisive ...
in 1896, Italy recognized Abyssinia's independence. In October 1935,
fascist Italy Fascist Italy () is a term which is used in historiography to describe the Kingdom of Italy between 1922 and 1943, when Benito Mussolini and the National Fascist Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship. Th ...
launched an invasion of independent Ethiopia from Eritrea and
Italian Somaliland Italian Somaliland (; ; ) was a protectorate and later colony of the Kingdom of Italy in present-day Somalia, which was ruled in the 19th century by the Sultanate of Hobyo and the Majeerteen Sultanate in the north, and by the Hiraab Imamate and ...
. Ethiopia was defeated in 1936 and incorporated into the newly created
Italian East Africa Italian East Africa (, A.O.I.) was a short-lived colonial possession of Fascist Italy from 1936 to 1941 in the Horn of Africa. It was established following the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, which led to the military occupation of the Ethiopian ...
. However, this union was short-lived: During the
World War A world war is an international War, conflict that involves most or all of the world's major powers. Conventionally, the term is reserved for two major international conflicts that occurred during the first half of the 20th century, World War I ...
II, British troops conquered both Eritrea and Ethiopia in 1941, ending Italian rule over both countries. Eritrea then came under British military administration. After the end of the war, discussions arose about the future of Eritrea, with proposals ranging from integration into the Ethiopian state to complete independence.


Province of Eritrea and independence war

On December 2, 1950, the
UN General Assembly The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA or GA; , AGNU or AG) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), serving as its main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ. Currently in its 79th session, its powers, ...
voted to federate Eritrea with Ethiopia. This federation came into effect in 1952, making Eritrea an autonomous province with its own parliament. However, autonomy was gradually eroded: Emperor Haile Selassie abolished important federal provisions in the following years. In the late 1950s, Eritreans began organising an armed rebellion from their base in Cairo. In 1962, Ethiopian
Emperor The word ''emperor'' (from , via ) can mean the male ruler of an empire. ''Empress'', the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife (empress consort), mother/grandmother (empress dowager/grand empress dowager), or a woman who rules ...
Haile Selassie Haile Selassie I (born Tafari Makonnen or ''Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles#Lij, Lij'' Tafari; 23 July 189227 August 1975) was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. He rose to power as the Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles, Rege ...
unilaterally dissolved the federation and annexed Eritrea, triggering a war that would last three decades. In 1960, the
Eritrean Liberation Front The Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF; ; ; ), colloquially known as Jebha, was the main Eritrean War of Independence, independence movement in Eritrea Province, Eritrea which sought Eritrea's independence from Ethiopia during the 1960s and the ear ...
(ELF) began an armed guerrilla war against Ethiopian rule. In the decades that followed, the conflict escalated into a protracted
war of independence Wars of national liberation, also called wars of independence or wars of liberation, are conflicts fought by nations to gain independence. The term is used in conjunction with wars against foreign powers (or at least those perceived as foreign) ...
. After Haile Selassie was overthrown in 1974, the Marxist
Derg The Derg or Dergue (, ), officially the Provisional Military Administrative Council (PMAC), was the military junta that ruled Ethiopia, including present-day Eritrea, from 1974 to 1987, when they formally "Civil government, civilianized" the ...
regime In politics, a regime (also spelled régime) is a system of government that determines access to public office, and the extent of power held by officials. The two broad categories of regimes are democratic and autocratic. A key similarity acros ...
in Addis Ababa continued the war against Eritrean rebels with great severity. Various liberation movements (from 1970 onwards, primarily the
Eritrean People's Liberation Front The Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), colloquially known as Shabia, was an armed Marxism–Leninism, Marxist–Leninist organization that fought for the Eritrean War of Independence, independence of Eritrea from Ethiopia. It emerged in 1 ...
(EPLF) under Isaias Afwerki) controlled large parts of the country at times. Finally, in 1991, the Eritrean independence fighters achieved complete military victory. The EPLF captured the capital
Asmara Asmara ( ), or Asmera (), is the capital and most populous city of Eritrea, in the country's Central Region (Eritrea), Central Region. It sits at an elevation of , making it the List of capital cities by altitude, sixth highest capital in the wo ...
in May 1991, making Eritrea de facto independent. Eritrea's independence was formally recognised when it was admitted into the UN after a
referendum A referendum, plebiscite, or ballot measure is a Direct democracy, direct vote by the Constituency, electorate (rather than their Representative democracy, representatives) on a proposal, law, or political issue. A referendum may be either bin ...
in 1993.


Secession of Eritrea

On May 24, 1993, Eritrea was officially established as a sovereign state and recognized internationally. Ethiopia's transitional government under
Meles Zenawi Meles Zenawi Asres ( Tigringa and ; ), born Legesse Zenawi Asres (8 May 1955 – 20 August 2012) was an Ethiopian politician and former rebel militant commander who served as president of Ethiopia from 1991 to 1995 and as prime minister from 19 ...
accepted the referendum result and immediately established diplomatic relations with the new state. In the first years after the secession, bilateral relations were friendly. The ruling
Tigray People's Liberation Front The Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF; ), also known as the Tigrayan People's Liberation Front, is a left-wing Ethnic nationalism, ethnic nationalist, paramilitary group, and the former ruling party of Ethiopia. It was classified as a ter ...
(TPLF) in Ethiopia and the military government in Eritrea had been former allies in the fight against the Derg dictatorship and signed agreements on economic cooperation. Ethiopia, which now no longer had its own access to the sea, continued to use the Eritrean ports of Assab and Massawa for its foreign trade. In the mid-1990s, however, simmering tensions came to the surface. Disagreements over trade, currency, and the exact border demarcation strained relations. In 1997, Eritrea introduced its own currency, leading to economic conflicts with Ethiopia. In May 1998, border incidents in the
Badme Badme (, ) is a town in Gash-Barka region of Eritrea. Control of the town was at the centre of the Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict, which lasted from the beginning of the Eritrean–Ethiopian War, in 1998, to the signing of a joint stateme ...
region escalated into open military conflict between the two states.


Eritrean–Ethiopian War

The Eritrean-Ethiopian border war from 1998 to 2000 was one of the bloodiest conflicts in Africa since the
end of the Cold War End, END, Ending, or ENDS may refer to: End Mathematics *End (category theory) * End (topology) * End (graph theory) * End (group theory) (a subcase of the previous) * End (endomorphism) Sports and games *End (gridiron football) *End, a division ...
. Over the course of two years of intense fighting, an estimated 70,000 to 80,000 people were killed. The war began with fighting over the disputed border town of Badme and spread along the entire border, with fierce battles over largely worthless and arid land. In December 2000, the Algiers Agreement, brokered by the
African Union The African Union (AU) is a continental union of 55 member states located on the continent of Africa. The AU was announced in the Sirte Declaration in Sirte, Libya, on 9 September 1999, calling for the establishment of the African Union. The b ...
, officially ended the fighting. Both sides committed themselves to recognizing an independent border arbitration commission. To monitor the ceasefire, the United Nations stationed a peacekeeping mission (
UNMEE The United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) was established by the United Nations Security Council in July 2000 to monitor a ceasefire in the border war that began in 1998 between Ethiopia and Eritrea. First military troops Nethe ...
) in the buffer zone between Eritrea and Ethiopia. In April 2002, the Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC) established a binding border, awarding Badme to Eritrea. However, Ethiopia refused to recognize the decision. As a result, the border remained unresolved and the peace agreement was only partially implemented.


Cold peace between 2000 to 2018

From 2000 to 2018, both countries remained in a state of hostile relations without a formal peace agreement. All diplomatic ties were severed, border crossings closed, and telephone and postal connections interrupted. Disagreements following the war have resulted in stalemate punctuated by periods of elevated tension and renewed threats of war. Eritrea maintained a military force on its border with Ethiopia roughly equal in size to Ethiopia's force, which has required a general mobilization of a significant portion of the population. Eritrea has viewed this border dispute as an existential threat to itself in particular and the African Union in general, because it deals with the supremacy of colonial boundaries in Africa. Since the border conflict, Ethiopia no longer uses Eritrean ports for its trade. During the border conflict and since, Ethiopia has fostered militants against Eritrea (including ethnic separatists and religiously based organizations). Eritrea has retaliated by hosting militant groups against Ethiopia as well. The United Nations Security Council argues that Eritrea and Ethiopia have expanded their dispute to a second theater,
Somalia Somalia, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia, is the easternmost country in continental Africa. The country is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, th ...
. In March 2012, Ethiopia attacked Eritrean army outposts along the border. Addis Ababa said the assault was in retaliation for the training and support given by Asmara to subversives while Eritrea said the U.S. had prior knowledge of the attack, an accusation denied by US officials.


Peace agreement

At a summit on 8 July 2018 in
Asmara Asmara ( ), or Asmera (), is the capital and most populous city of Eritrea, in the country's Central Region (Eritrea), Central Region. It sits at an elevation of , making it the List of capital cities by altitude, sixth highest capital in the wo ...
, Eritrean President
Isaias Afewerki Isaias Afwerki (, ; born 2 February 1946) is an Eritrean politician and leader who has been the president of Eritrea since 1993 and the chairman of the People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ) since 1994. Isaias joined the pro-independen ...
and Ethiopian
Prime Minister A prime minister or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. A prime minister is not the head of state, but r ...
Abiy Ahmed Abiy Ahmed Ali (; ; born 15 August 1976) is an Ethiopian politician who is the current Prime Minister of Ethiopia since 2018 and the leader of the Prosperity Party since 2019. He rose through the ranks of government via the Information Networ ...
pledged to restore diplomatic relations and open their borders to each other. The next day, they signed a joint declaration formally ending the
Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict The Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict was a violent standoff and a proxy war, proxy conflict between Eritrea and Ethiopia lasting from 1998 to 2018. It consisted of a series of incidents along the then-disputed Eritrea–Ethiopia border, bord ...
. Another peace agreement was signed in
Jeddah Jeddah ( ), alternatively transliterated as Jedda, Jiddah or Jidda ( ; , ), is a List of governorates of Saudi Arabia, governorate and the largest city in Mecca Province, Saudi Arabia, and the country's second largest city after Riyadh, located ...
,
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia. Located in the centre of the Middle East, it covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula and has a land area of about , making it the List of Asian countries ...
on 16 September later that year. In September 2018, the increased close contacts of senior leadership in the Eritrea–Ethiopia relationship extended to the Tripartite Agreement that also included
Somalia Somalia, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia, is the easternmost country in continental Africa. The country is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, th ...
.
Martin Plaut Martin Plaut (born 1950) is a journalist and academic specialising in conflicts in Africa, especially the Horn of Africa. He worked as a BBC News journalist from 1984 to 2012 and is a member of Chatham House. , Plaut was a ''senior research fell ...
suggested that during a January 2020 trilateral meeting and bilateral Eritrea–Ethiopia visits in 2020, the leaders of the three countries discussed plans for the Tigray War prior to its official start with the 4 November 2020 Northern Command attacks. Five years after the start of the Tigray War, a section of the border between Eritrea and Ethiopia was reopened at
Zalambessa Zalambessa ( Tigrigna: ዛላምበሳ) is a town located in Tigray, Ethiopia. Zalambessa is part of the Misraqawi (Eastern) Zone of the Tigray Region. It is about 42 kilometers north of Adigrat. The Serha-Zalambesa border crossing is located in ...
. This event marked the first gathering of Eritrean and
Tigrayan The Tigrayan people (, ''Təgaru'') are a Semitic-speaking ethnic group indigenous to the Tigray Region of northern Ethiopia. They speak the Tigrinya language, an Afroasiatic language belonging to the Ethiopian Semitic branch. The daily life ...
frontier communities since the war, offering a symbolic moment of peace and reconciliation. Organised by local activists with tacit approval from Tigrayan and Eritrean officials, the reunion brought families and religious leaders together and even reignited cross-border trade using both currencies. Despite this move the official
Eritrea–Ethiopia border The Eritrea–Ethiopia border encompasses a roughly 1,033 km (641.9 mi) boundary between the two states. The borders are the Afar and Tigray regions of Ethiopia. History Creation The creation of the modern border of Ethiopia and Eritrea is r ...
remains closed and deep political tensions persist.


Tigray war and new hostilities

However, the rapprochement between Asmara and Addis Ababa was not without setbacks. From 2020 onwards, a new
civil war A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same Sovereign state, state (or country). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies.J ...
shook the Ethiopian region of
Tigray The Tigray Region (or simply Tigray; officially the Tigray National Regional State) is the northernmost Regions of Ethiopia, regional state in Ethiopia. The Tigray Region is the homeland of the Tigrayan, Irob people, Irob and Kunama people. I ...
, whose ruling clique (the TPLF) had become Eritrea's arch rival. Eritrean troops intervened in the Tigray war on the side of the Ethiopian central government and fought fiercely against the TPLF. The conflict ended in November 2022 with a peace agreement ( Pretoria Agreement) between the Ethiopian government and the TPLF – but without Eritrea's involvement. Eritrea's Afwerki rejected the peace agreement and felt betrayed, which led to new conflicts with Addis Ababa. Eritrea then began arming rebels in Amhara, which increased tensions with the Ethiopian government. Abiy Ahmed also repeatedly announced publicly that he would seek direct access to the sea for Ethiopia, which was perceived as a threat in Asmara, bringing both countries to the brink of armed conflict again in 2024/25. In February 2025, Eritrea banned
Ethiopian Airlines Ethiopian Airlines (), formerly ''Ethiopian Air Lines'' (EAL), is the flag carrier of Ethiopia, and is wholly owned by the country's government. EAL was founded on 21 December 1945 and commenced operations on 8 April 1946, expanding to intern ...
flights to Asmara and carried out a
military mobilization Mobilization (alternatively spelled as mobilisation) is the act of assembling and readying military troops and supplies for war. The word ''mobilization'' was first used in a military context in the 1850s to describe the preparation of the ...
.


Societal and cultural relations

Despite political tensions, Ethiopia and Eritrea have close cultural and historical ties. Both nations share the heritage of the ancient Aksum Empire, which introduced
Christianity Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion, which states that Jesus in Christianity, Jesus is the Son of God (Christianity), Son of God and Resurrection of Jesus, rose from the dead after his Crucifixion of Jesus, crucifixion, whose ...
as the state religion in the 4th century. The
Ethiopian Orthodox The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church () is the largest of the Oriental Orthodox Churches. One of the few Christian churches in Africa originating before European colonization of the continent, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church dates bac ...
and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo churches trace their roots back to this common heritage. There are also close linguistic and ethnic ties: the
Tigrinya Tigrinya may refer to: * Tigrinya language Tigrinya, sometimes romanized as Tigrigna, is an Ethio-Semitic languages, Ethio-Semitic language, which is a subgrouping within the Semitic languages, Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. It i ...
ethnic group, which dominates Eritrea, is closely related to the
Tigray The Tigray Region (or simply Tigray; officially the Tigray National Regional State) is the northernmost Regions of Ethiopia, regional state in Ethiopia. The Tigray Region is the homeland of the Tigrayan, Irob people, Irob and Kunama people. I ...
in Ethiopia, and the
Tigrinya language Tigrinya, sometimes romanized as Tigrigna, is an Ethio-Semitic languages, Ethio-Semitic language, which is a subgrouping within the Semitic languages, Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. It is primarily spoken by the Tigrinya people, ...
is spoken on both sides of the border. Overall, the social structures of both countries show many similarities (for example in music, dance, and cuisine). The cultural and family ties between the two nations have been severely damaged at times by war and separation. Hundreds of thousands of people with Eritrean roots lived in Ethiopia before 1998 and were expelled during the border war; conversely, many Ethiopians fled to Eritrea to escape the fighting. It was only with the conclusion of peace in 2018 that torn families and communities were able to reunite.


Ethiopian-Eritreans Community Organizations and the Habesha Community

Throughout the Ethiopian-Eritrean Diaspora, there have been many multi-ethnic and bi-national origin community organizations founded by and for Eritreans and Ethiopians to foster good relationships, promote and express cultural commonalities well before diplomatic ties between the two countries's governments were ever restored. A majority of these organizations are found on college/university campuses throughout the United States, Canada, and other parts of the Ethiopian-Eritrean Diaspora.Afeworki, N. G. (2018). Eritrean nationalism and the digital diaspora: Expanding diasporic networks via twitter (Order No. 10745022). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (2015164934).


Resident diplomatic missions

* Eritrea has an embassy in
Addis Ababa Addis Ababa (; ,) is the capital city of Ethiopia, as well as the regional state of Oromia. With an estimated population of 2,739,551 inhabitants as of the 2007 census, it is the largest city in the country and the List of cities in Africa b ...
. * Ethiopia has an embassy in
Asmara Asmara ( ), or Asmera (), is the capital and most populous city of Eritrea, in the country's Central Region (Eritrea), Central Region. It sits at an elevation of , making it the List of capital cities by altitude, sixth highest capital in the wo ...
.


Country comparison


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eritrea-Ethiopia relations
Ethiopia Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Ken ...
Bilateral relations of Ethiopia