Equivalence or Equivalent may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

Album-equivalent unit The album-equivalent unit, or album equivalent, often shortened to just unit, is a sales metric in the music industry that defines the number of streaming media, songs streamed and music download, songs downloaded equal to one Record sales, tradi ...

, a measurement unit in the music industry *

Equivalence class (music) In music theory, equivalence class is an Equality (mathematics), equality (Equals sign, =) or equivalence relation, equivalence between properties of set (music), sets (unordered) or twelve-tone rows (ordered sets). A relation rather than an ope ...

*'' Equivalent VIII'', or ''The Bricks'', a minimalist sculpture by Carl Andre *'' Equivalents'', a series of photographs of clouds by Alfred Stieglitz

Language

Dynamic and formal equivalence Dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence, in translation and semantics, are the principle approaches to translation, prioritizing respectively the meaning or the literal structure of the source text. The distinction was originally drawn ...

in translation * Equivalence (formal languages)

Law

*The

doctrine of equivalents The doctrine of equivalents is a legal rule in many (but not all) of the world's patent systems that allows a court to hold a party liable for patent infringement if the infringing device or process does not fall within the literal scope of a pat ...

in patent law *The equivalence principle as if impacts on the direct effect of European Union law

Logic

Logical equivalence In logic and mathematics, statements p and q are said to be logically equivalent if they have the same truth value in every model. The logical equivalence of p and q is sometimes expressed as p \equiv q, p :: q, \textsfpq, or p \iff q, depending ...

, where two statements are logically equivalent if they have the same logical content * Material equivalence, a relationship where the truth of either one of the connected statements requires the truth of the other

Science and technology

Chemistry

* Equivalent (chemistry) *

Equivalence point The equivalence point, or stoichiometric point, of a chemical reaction is the point at which chemically equivalent quantities of reactants have been mixed. For an acid-base reaction the equivalence point is where the moles of acid and the moles o ...

Equivalent weight In chemistry, equivalent weight ( more precisely, equivalent mass) is the mass of one equivalent, that is the mass of a given substance which will combine with or displace a fixed quantity of another substance. The equivalent weight of an element ...

Computing

* Turing equivalence (theory of computation), or Turing completeness *

Semantic equivalence {{about, semantic equivalence of metadata, the concept in mathematical logic, Logical equivalence, the concept in linguistic semantics, Semantic equivalence (linguistics) In computer metadata, semantic equivalence is a declaration that two data elem ...

in computer metadata

Economics

Certainty equivalent The expected utility hypothesis is a foundational assumption in mathematical economics concerning decision making under uncertainty. It postulates that rational agents maximize utility, meaning the subjective desirability of their actions. Rationa ...

, a principle related to risk premium * Economic equivalence, a concept in engineering economics *

Ricardian equivalence The Ricardian equivalence proposition (also known as the Ricardo–de Viti–Barro equivalence theorem) is an economic hypothesis holding that consumers are forward-looking and so internalize the government's budget constraint when making their co ...

, or Ricardo–de Viti–Barro equivalence, a proposition in economics

Mathematics

Equality (mathematics) In mathematics, equality is a relationship between two quantities or Expression (mathematics), expressions, stating that they have the same value, or represent the same mathematical object. Equality between and is written , and read " equa ...

Equivalence relation In mathematics, an equivalence relation is a binary relation that is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive. The equipollence relation between line segments in geometry is a common example of an equivalence relation. A simpler example is equ ...

Equivalence class In mathematics, when the elements of some set S have a notion of equivalence (formalized as an equivalence relation), then one may naturally split the set S into equivalence classes. These equivalence classes are constructed so that elements ...

Equivalence of categories In category theory, a branch of abstract mathematics, an equivalence of categories is a relation between two Category (mathematics), categories that establishes that these categories are "essentially the same". There are numerous examples of cate ...

, in category theory *

Equivalent infinitesimal Indeterminate form is a mathematical expression that can obtain any value depending on circumstances. In calculus, it is usually possible to compute the limit of the sum, difference, product, quotient or power of two functions by taking the corres ...

* Identity *

Matrix equivalence In linear algebra, two rectangular ''m''-by-''n'' matrices ''A'' and ''B'' are called equivalent if :B = Q^ A P for some invertible ''n''-by-''n'' matrix ''P'' and some invertible ''m''-by-''m'' matrix ''Q''. Equivalent matrices represent the sam ...

in linear algebra *

Turing equivalence (recursion theory) In computer science and mathematical logic the Turing degree (named after Alan Turing) or degree of unsolvability of a set of natural numbers measures the level of algorithmic unsolvability of the set. Overview The concept of Turing degree is fund ...

Elementary equivalence In model theory, a branch of mathematical logic, two structures ''M'' and ''N'' of the same signature ''σ'' are called elementarily equivalent if they satisfy the same first-order ''σ''-sentences. If ''N'' is a substructure of ''M'', one oft ...

, in mathematical logic

Physics

Equivalence principle The equivalence principle is the hypothesis that the observed equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass is a consequence of nature. The weak form, known for centuries, relates to masses of any composition in free fall taking the same t ...

in the theory of general relativity

Other uses

Equivalence (trade) Equivalence is a term applied by the Uruguay Round Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. World Trade Organization (WTO) Member countries shall accord acceptance to the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures of o ...

Moral equivalence Moral equivalence is a term used in political debate, usually to deny that a moral comparison can be made of two sides in a conflict, or in the actions or tactics of two sides. The term had some currency in polemic debates about the Cold War. "Mo ...

, a term used in political debate *

The Equivalent The Equivalent was a sum negotiated at £398,085 10s. 0d. () paid to Scotland by the English Government under the terms of the Acts of Union 1707. Proposals for it first emerged in the course of abortive Union negotiations in 1702 to 1703. The E ...

, a sum paid from England to Scotland at their Union in 1707