Epson MX-80
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The MX-80 is a serial dot matrix printer introduced by Seiko Epson in 1980. The MX-80 is capable of printing a maximum of 132 columns per line, while its 9-pin printhead was the first disposable, user-serviceable printhead on the market. The MX-80 was a massive commercial success for Epson and soon became the best-selling dot matrix printer in the world, selling well over one million units over the course of its market lifespan. It enjoyed a high level of popularity in the
personal computer A personal computer, commonly referred to as PC or computer, is a computer designed for individual use. It is typically used for tasks such as Word processor, word processing, web browser, internet browsing, email, multimedia playback, and PC ...
marketplace for much of the 1980s and was the progenitor of the ESC/P
printer control language In digital printing, a page description language (PDL) is a computer language that describes the appearance of a printed page in a higher level than an actual output bitmap (or generally raster graphics). An overlapping term is printer control ...
. The form factor and basic functionality of the MX-80 soon became a ''de facto'' standard for manufacturers of inexpensive dot matrix printers. Epson released a number of succeeding revisions of the MX-80 before replacing the entire line with the FX-80 in 1983.


Background and development

Seiko Epson (known as Shinshu Seiki until 1975) entered the market for computer printers with the
EP-101 The EP-101 was the first ever electronic miniprinter for printing figures and symbols and was launched by Shinshu Seiki Co., a subsidiary of Suwa Seikosha Co., Ltd, in September 1968. The drum printer wasn't very big, being only 164 millimetres ...
, a miniature drum printer, in 1968. In early 1978, the company introduced their first serial dot matrix printer, the TX-80. The product of only three months of development, the TX-80 was the first sub-US$2,000 dot matrix printer on the market. It was also Epson's first printer marketed in the United States. Despite its relatively low cost, as well as a lucrative contract with
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to market the printer for users of their PET microcomputer, the TX-80 sold slower than Epson had anticipated and ultimately failed to achieve a large market share, being pulled from the American market not too long after its introduction. Epson then spent three years devising their next dot matrix printer. During development, the company pioneered a number of features, such as logical bidirectional printing to maximize throughput; and disposable printheads. The resulting MX-80 was released October 1980, amid a period of explosive growth in the
microcomputer A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer having a central processing unit (CPU) made out of a microprocessor. The computer also includes memory and input/output (I/O) circuitry together mounted on a printed circuit board (P ...
industry. Epson supported the rollout of the MX-80 with an extensive print marketing campaign, produced by Ripley-Woodbury Advertising. The company meanwhile hired David A. Lien, a prolific computer writer at the time, to write the printer's manual in a user-friendly manner, eschewing the jargon and otherwise terse technical language ubiquitous in contemporary printer manuals. Epson also partnered with the retailer
ComputerLand ComputerLand was a widespread chain of retail computer stores during the early years of the microcomputer revolution, and was one of the outlets (along with Computer City and Sears) chosen to introduce the IBM PC in 1981. The first ComputerLand ...
for the latter to sell and service MX-80, supplementing Epson's own national service centers.


Specifications

The case of the MX-80 measures roughly . Its pin-feed platen is adjustable, supporting tractor-feed paper between wide. The original version of the MX-80 printer requires the use of tractor-feed paper and lacks a friction-feed platen; later variants of the MX-80 come with both a tractor-feed platen and a pin-feed platen, with the latter as a removable piece. The printer's electronics contain a sufficient
data buffer In computer science, a data buffer (or just buffer) is a region of memory used to store data temporarily while it is being moved from one place to another. Typically, the data is stored in a buffer as it is retrieved from an input device (such as ...
to allow the printhead to print bidirectionally—printing in the opposite direction immediately after reaching the end of one line—in order to minimize the printhead's seek time and maximize throughput. In addition, the MX-80's firmware
ROM Rom, or ROM may refer to: Biomechanics and medicine * Risk of mortality, a medical classification to estimate the likelihood of death for a patient * Rupture of membranes, a term used during pregnancy to describe a rupture of the amniotic sac * ...
takes count of the length of each line printed as well as the position of the printhead on the paper in order to calculate exactly how much and in what direction the printhead needs to move to reach the start (or end) of the next line. This logical bidirectional printing increases throughput further. The MX-80 also detects special
escape character In computing and telecommunications, an escape character is a character that invokes an alternative interpretation on the following characters in a character sequence. An escape character is a particular case of metacharacters. Generally, the ...
s as part of its
printer control language In digital printing, a page description language (PDL) is a computer language that describes the appearance of a printed page in a higher level than an actual output bitmap (or generally raster graphics). An overlapping term is printer control ...
, allowing the printhead to be tabbed over to specific areas on the page, useful for automated form filling. The MX-80's printhead is a 9-pin design, allowing for a maximum vertical resolution of nine dots per line. Across an eight-inch space, the MX-80 can print lines in densities of 40, 66, 80, or 132 columns. While textual characters are normally laid out in a 6 by 9 dot grid, the printer's ROM can have the printhead impact the paper in half-steps horizontally, allowing for slightly smoother letterforms. The MX-80 was the first printer on the market with disposable, user-serviceable printheads, with replacement heads costing roughly US$30 in 1980. The printhead is good for between 50 and 100 million character impressions; after its end-of-life, it can be disposed of and replaced by the user without needing tools. The MX-80 is capable of printing all 95 printable
ASCII ASCII ( ), an acronym for American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding standard for representing a particular set of 95 (English language focused) printable character, printable and 33 control character, control c ...
characters. The printer also supports printing
block graphics Text-based semigraphics, pseudographics, or character graphics is a primitive method used in early text mode video hardware to emulate raster graphics without having to implement the logic for such a display mode. There are two different ways ...
characters from a set of 64 characters (corresponding to the
TRS-80 character set The TRS-80 computer manufactured by Tandy / Radio Shack contains an 8-bit character set. It is partially derived from ASCII, and shares the code points from 32 - 95 on the standard model. Code points 96 - 127 are supported on models that have been ...
). This allows for the creation of low-resolution graphical prints. A set of
DIP switch A DIP switch is a manual electric switch that is packaged with others in a group in a standard dual in-line package (DIP). The term may refer to each individual switch, or to the unit as a whole. This type of switch is designed to be used on a p ...
es on the back of the MX-80 can be flipped to switch out the stock ASCII character set with ones for other languages, including a Japanese ''
katakana is a Japanese syllabary, one component of the Japanese writing system along with hiragana, kanji and in some cases the Latin script (known as rōmaji). The word ''katakana'' means "fragmentary kana", as the katakana characters are derived fr ...
'' character set. By sending certain escape characters to the printer, text can be formatted in a multitude of ways, including varying the width and
weight In science and engineering, the weight of an object is a quantity associated with the gravitational force exerted on the object by other objects in its environment, although there is some variation and debate as to the exact definition. Some sta ...
of each character. Weight can be increased by doublestriking each letter in one of two modes: "emphasized mode", in which the character is doublestruck after advancing the printhead the length of a half-dot; and "double-strike mode", in which the paper is advanced 1/216th of an inch and doublestruck.


Graftrax

Graftrax was a set of three
EPROM An EPROM (rarely EROM), or erasable programmable read-only memory, is a type of programmable read-only memory (PROM) integrated circuit, chip that retains its data when its power supply is switched off. Computer memory that can retrieve stored d ...
s offered by Epson for the MX-80, enhancing the printer's functionality and behavior. The original Graftrax 80, released in 1981, added a high-resolution graphical printing mode with the ability to control each pin of the printhead arbitrarily to produce complex bitmap graphics. In addition, the Graftrax 80 added
italics In typography, italic type is a cursive font based on a stylised form of calligraphic handwriting. Along with blackletter and roman type, it served as one of the major typefaces in the history of Western typography. Owing to the influence f ...
character sets for each font weight and width; software-redefinable escape characters, allowing end users to use the MX-80 with software meant for other printers; the ability to control the
line height In typography, leading ( ) is the space between adjacent lines of type; the exact definition varies. In hand typesetting, leading is the thin strips of lead (or aluminium) that were inserted between lines of type in the composing stick to incre ...
by increments of 1/216th of an inch; the ability to change the formatting of text in the middle of a line, instead of having the entire line affected. In 1982, Epson introduced Graftrax Plus, which dropped support for the TRS-80 block characters in favor of the ability to
backspace Backspace (, ⌫) is the keyboard key that in typewriters originally pushed the carriage one position backwards, and in modern computer systems typically moves the display cursor one position backwards,The meaning of "backwards" depends on the dir ...
, or to move the printhead backwards the length of one character in order to (for example) doublestrike arbitrarily; added
superscript A subscript or superscript is a character (such as a number or letter) that is set slightly below or above the normal line of type, respectively. It is usually smaller than the rest of the text. Subscripts appear at or below the baseline, wh ...
,
subscript A subscript or superscript is a character (such as a number or letter) that is set slightly below or above the normal line of type, respectively. It is usually smaller than the rest of the text. Subscripts appear at or below the baseline, wh ...
, and true
underline An underscore or underline is a line drawn under a segment of text. In proofreading, underscoring is a convention that says "set this text in italic type", traditionally used on manuscript or typescript as an instruction to the printer. Its u ...
formatting (as opposed to typewriter-convention underlining, wherein the users doublestrikes letters with the
underscore An underscore or underline is a line drawn under a segment of text. In proofreading, underscoring is a convention that says "set this text in italic type", traditionally used on manuscript or typescript as an instruction to the printer. Its ...
characters, often clashing with
descender In typography and handwriting, a descender is the portion of a grapheme that extends below the Baseline (typography), baseline of a typeface, font. For example, in the letter ''y'', the descender is the "tail", or that portion of the diagonal li ...
s); added special international symbols such as the
tilde The tilde (, also ) is a grapheme or with a number of uses. The name of the character came into English from Spanish , which in turn came from the Latin , meaning 'title' or 'superscription'. Its primary use is as a diacritic (accent) in ...
(~), the unofficial
franc The franc is any of various units of currency. One franc is typically divided into 100 centimes. The name is said to derive from the Latin inscription ''francorum rex'' (King of the Franks) used on early French coins and until the 18th century ...
symbol (₣), and the umlaut (¨).


Other models

Epson released a number of variants of the MX-80 during the 1980s. Collectively, these printers comprise the Epson MX series: * MX-70 (early 1981) – a cost-reduced version of the MX-80 with unidirectional printing, a 7-pin printhead (with alphanumeric characters lacking descenders and half-step dot features), and the Graftrax II ROM set, the latter allowing for the printing out of high-resolution, arbitrary bitmap graphics; * MX-80 F/T (early 1981) – a version of the MX-80 with a removable friction-feed platen, allowing the user to feed in plain loose-leaf paper, without the need for perforations; and * MX-100 (June 1981) – a wide-format version of the MX-80 with a 15-inch pin-feed and friction-feed platen (capable of printing up to 233 columns of text), a high-resolution graphical printing mode, additional international character sets, adjustable right margins, and the ability to print on perforations.
IBM International Business Machines Corporation (using the trademark IBM), nicknamed Big Blue, is an American Multinational corporation, multinational technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, and present in over 175 countries. It is ...
sold a
badge-engineered In the automotive industry, rebadging (also known as badge engineering, an intentionally ironic misnomer in that little or no actual engineering takes place) is a form of market segmentation used by automobile manufacturers around the world. ...
version of Epson's MX-80 as the IBM 5152 Graphics Printer, featuring a modified firmware
ROM Rom, or ROM may refer to: Biomechanics and medicine * Risk of mortality, a medical classification to estimate the likelihood of death for a patient * Rupture of membranes, a term used during pregnancy to describe a rupture of the amniotic sac * ...
with a different character set and a slightly altered PCL, as an accessory to their original
IBM PC The IBM Personal Computer (model 5150, commonly known as the IBM PC) is the first microcomputer released in the List of IBM Personal Computer models, IBM PC model line and the basis for the IBM PC compatible ''de facto'' standard. Released on ...
. The MX series of printers was retired in the mid-1980s, after Epson released its successor the FX-80 in 1983, featuring a wider platen, a faster printhead, a larger data buffer, user-definable character sets for custom symbols and
typefaces A typeface (or font family) is a design of letters, numbers and other symbols, to be used in printing or for electronic display. Most typefaces include variations in size (e.g., 24 point), weight (e.g., light, bold), slope (e.g., italic), width ...
, and more.


Sales and reception

The MX-80 was an immediate critical and commercial success for Epson, the company selling tens of thousands of units within two months of its introduction. Over 200 thousand MX-80s were sold throughout the entirety of 1981, with monthly production ramping up from 10,000 units a month in January 1981 to 40,000 units a month in October that year. By 1982 the MX-80 had captured half of the global market share for 80-column printers, with a 35-percent share in the United States, a 60-percent share in Europe, and a 70-percent share in Japan. It was the best-selling dot matrix printer for much of the 1980s, its global market share eventually peaking at 60 percent. By the end of the MX-80's lifespan in the mid-1980s, Epson had sold well over one million units of the printer. According to the ''
Byte The byte is a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of eight bits. Historically, the byte was the number of bits used to encode a single character of text in a computer and for this reason it is the smallest addressable un ...
'' writers David and Richard Kater, the widespread adoption of the MX-80 was down to a mixture of the printer's low price, ease of use, and smart design, as well as Epson's marketing push and the concurrent meteoric growth of the personal computer market. The MX-80 was widely cloned by other manufacturers, with its form factor and functionality quickly becoming a ''de facto'' standard for nearly all dot matrix printers that followed it. A market for printer accelerator boards and other accessories designed specifically for the MX-80 also sprang up after its release, while its printer control language was heavily borrowed by other printer manufacturers and software developers in the industry. This PCL was eventually codified in the early 1980s by Epson as ESC/P and received a number of updates over the years, increasing its feature set. The MX-80 was named by ''
PC World ''PC World'' (stylized as PCWorld) is a global computer magazine published monthly by IDG. Since 2013, it has been an online-only publication. It offers advice on various aspects of PCs and related items, the Internet, and other personal tec ...
''
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as the 42nd greatest technology product of all time in 2007.


References

{{Seiko MX-80 Computer-related introductions in 1980 Dot matrix printers