Eoseira Wilsonii

''Eoseira'' is an extinct genus of diatoms belonging to the family Aulacoseiraceae and containing the single species ''Eoseira wilsonii''. The species is dated to the Early Eocene Ypresian stage and has only been found at the type locality in east central British Columbia.

Distribution

''Eoseira wilsonii'' was an algal bloom forming diatom during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum and one of the major lake components the Horsefly Shales lake system. The Horsefly shales have not been radiometrically dated, but based on shared floral and faunal taxa found in the other Early Eocene, Ypresian age, Okanagan Highlands sites, Horsefly is assumed to be contemporaneous.

History and classification

Diatom fossils at Horsefly had been noted by Mark Wilson and Adrian Bogan (1994) who identified significant diatom volumes in the "summer varves" during study of a 6,375 year long stratigraphic section. Fossil material was studied subsequently by Alexander Wolfe and Mark Edlund (2005) with the type description of the species being published in the ''Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences''. They designated three type specimens at the time of publication, the holotype "CANA 76143" and paratype "BCr; CANA 76144" which were both accessioned into the Canadian Museum of Nature at Ottawa, while the isotype was placed in the California Academy of Sciences Diatom Herbarium. Both the holotype and isotype were collected from the lower (H2) varve sequence exposed at the Horsefly mine locality. The paratype was collected at the nearby outcrops along the Black Creek Road. Wolfe and Edlund coined the specific epithet ''wilsonii'' as a patronym honoring Mark Wilson as recognition for his enormous work on western North American Eocene lake paleolimnology and paleoichthyology. They did not give an etymology for the genus name ''Eoseira''.

''E. wilsonii'' was placed into the family Aulacoseiraceae based on the numerous similarities to other members of the family, but placed into the monotypic new genus ''Eoseira'' due to a suite of distinctive features. Aulacoseiraceae is considered one of the first diatom families to transition from marine to freshwater habitats, sometime during the Cretaceous. The oldest genus of the family is ''Aulacoseira'', from which ''Eoseira'' and other undescribed genera branched from in the Eocene, while a second diversification even took place in the Miocene resulting in the extinct genera '' Alveolophora'', '' Miosira'', and '' Pseudoaulacosira''. ''E. wilsonii'' is suggested to be a sister branch to the aulacoseiroid lineages.

Description

''Eoseira wilsonii'' grew valve frustules with a cylindrical cross-section when viewed from the end, and a rectangular outline when viewed from the side. The individual valves formed linked filaments, with many individual frustules connected end to end by an interlinking collar of spines that arise from the face-side junction. The spines on a valve are spoon-shaped with a narrow base widening to an ovoid tip and dovetailing with the spines of the next valve. Each spine is smooth on the external surface and along the inner margins. The sides of the valves are stippled with straight rows of areolae oriented parallel to each other and perpendicular to the valve end faces. Unlike in ''Aulacoseira'' enlarged single or paired areolae groups do not form the linking or separation spines, rather the spines arise entirety separate from the areolae. Each of the areolae has a thin, porous silica layer, a vela, on the internal side of the opening. In contrast, as is seen in ''Aulacoseira'', the valves of ''E. wilsonii'' develop a distinct ringleiste on the internal surface of the valves. Between the ringleist and valve junction are a number of sessile pore openings through the valve surface, called rimoportulae. The two halves of the valves are linked via girdle bands with connecting ligulate strands which developed parallel poroid rows oriented perpendicular to the valve ends.

Paleoecology

The polysaccharide slime grown by ''E. wilsonii'' is suggested to have enhanced the preservation quality of organisms which were coated by the slime films before entombment in the lake sediments. The horsefly lake system has been interpreted as monomictic to possibly meromictic. If the lake was monomictic, the lake waters would have one period of surface layer and deep water mixing a year, but if it was meromictic, the water layers did not have any annual periods of mixing.
''E. wilsonii'' is one of two diatoms known from Horsefly, with an undescribed species of ''Aulacoseira'' also being present. Unlike '' Aulacoseira giraffensis'' from the similarly aged Giraffe maar kimberlite pipe deposit in the North West Territories however, the undescribed Horsefly ''Aulacoseira'' species was a minor component of the lake flora, with ''E. wilsonii'' being the dominant bloom florming species. Additionally the extant synurid "algae" species '' Mallomonas intermedia'' has also been recovered from Horsefly, while study of diatomitic sediments by George Mustoe (2005) from the McAbee Fossil Beds show undescribed Aulacoseiraceae diatoms and chrysophyte stomatocysts. Mustoe also examined sediment from the Allenby Formation near Princeton and found diatomitic layers, but noted that alteration and remineralization of the opal-A to opal-CT destroyed the original organic structures in the diatomite.

Paleoenvironment

The greater Eocene Okanagan Highlands likely had a mesic upper microthermal to lower mesothermal climate, in which winter temperatures rarely dropped low enough for snow, and which were seasonably equitable. The Okanagan Highlands paleoforest surrounding the lakes have been described as precursors to the modern temperate broadleaf and mixed forests of Eastern North America and Eastern Asia. Based on the fossil biotas the lakes were higher and cooler then the coeval