''Enterosora'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

fern The ferns (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) are a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissue ...

s in the family

Polypodiaceae Polypodiaceae is a Family (biology), family of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family includes around 65 genus, genera and an estimated 1,650 species and is placed in the order Polypodiales, suborder ...

, subfamily

Grammitidoideae Grammitidoideae is a subfamily of the fern family Polypodiaceae, whose members are informally known as grammitids. It comprises a clade of about 750 species. They are distributed over higher elevations in both the Old World, Old and New World. T ...

, according to the

Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG) is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish on the classification of pteridophytes ( lycophytes and ferns) that reflects knowledge about plant relationships discove ...

classification of 2016 (PPG I). PPG I also recognizes the genus ''Zygophlebia'', which more recent sources include in ''Enterosora''. , many do not have formally published names in ''Enterosora'' and are retained here in ''Zygophlebia''.

Taxonomy

The genus ''Enterosora'' was created by

John Gilbert Baker John Gilbert Baker (13 January 1834 – 16 August 1920) was an England, English botanist. His son was the botanist Edmund Gilbert Baker (1864–1949). Biography Baker was born in Guisborough in North Yorkshire, the son of John and Mary (née ...

in 1886 with the

type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...

'' Enterosora campbellii''. The genus ''Zygophlebia'' was created by L. Earl Bishop in 1989 with the type species '' Zygophlebia sectifrons'', formerly placed in ''

Polypodium ''Polypodium'' is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Polypodioideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). The genus is widely distributed throughout the world, with the highest ...

''.

Molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

studies have shown that ''Enterosora'' is nested within ''Zygophlebia'', which could be resolved by synonymizing ''Zygophlebia'' with ''Enterosora''. In 2016, the authors of the PPG I classification considered merging the genera to be premature. A further study was published in 2019. This showed that ''Enterosora'' s.s. was monophyletic, but embedded within two clades of ''Zyglophlebia'', with ''

Ceradenia ''Ceradenia'' is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG) is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collab ...

'' the sister of ''Enterosora'' s.l.: The ''Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World'' has recognized the merger of ''Zygophlebia'' into ''Enterosora''. However, , many former ''Zygophlebia'' species do not have formally published names in ''Enterosora'', so are retained here ''Zygophlebia''.

Species

, the ''Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World'' (''CFLW'') accepted the following species. Species placed in ''Zygophlebia'' but accepted in ''Enterosora'' by ''CFLW'' are listed separately. *'' Enterosora asplenioides'' L.E.Bishop *'' Enterosora barbatula'' (Baker) Parris *'' Enterosora bishopii'' A.Rojas *'' Enterosora campbelliii'' Baker *'' Enterosora ecostata'' (Sodiro) L.E.Bishop *'' Enterosora enterosoroides'' (Christ) A.Rojas *'' Enterosora insidiosa'' (Sloss.) L.E.Bishop *'' Enterosora percrassa'' (Baker) L.E.Bishop *'' Enterosora sinuata'' Rakotondr. & Parris *'' Enterosora trichosora'' (Hook.) L.E.Bishop *'' Enterosora trifurcata'' (L.) L.E.Bishop *'' Enterosora uluguruensis'' (Reimers) Rakotondr. & Parris Many of the species placed in ''Zygophlebia'' in the PPG I system do not yet have published names in ''Enterosora'' and so have "comb. ined." in ''CFLW''. All are retained here in ''Zygophlebia'': *''Enterosora anjanaharibensis'' (Rakotondr.) comb. ined. = '' Zygophlebia anjanaharibensis'' Rakotondr. *''Enterosora cornuta'' (Lellinger) Shalisko & Sundue = '' Zygophlebia cornuta'' (Lellinger) L.E.Bishop *''Enterosora devoluta'' (Baker) Shalisko & Sundue = '' Zygophlebia devoluta'' (Baker) Parris *''Enterosora dudleyi'' (L.E.Bishop) A.R.Sm. & M.Kessler = '' Zygophlebia dudleyi'' L.E.Bishop *''Enterosora eminens'' (C.V.Morton) comb. ined. = '' Zygophlebia eminens'' (C.V.Morton) L.E.Bishop *''Enterosora forsythiana'' (Baker) Shalisko & Sundue = '' Zygophlebia forsythiana'' (Baker) Parris *''Enterosora goodmanii'' (Rakotondr.) Shalisko & Sundue = '' Zygophlebia goodmanii'' Rakotondr. *''Enterosora humbertii'' (C.Chr.) Shalisko & Sundue = '' Zygophlebia humbertii'' (C.Chr.) Parris *''Enterosora longipilosa'' (C.Chr.) comb. ined. = '' Zygophlebia longipilosa'' (C.Chr.) L.E.Bishop *''Enterosora major'' (Reimers) comb. ined. = '' Zygophlebia major'' (Reimers) Parris *''Enterosora mathewsii'' (Kunze ex Mett.) Shalisko & Sundue = '' Zygophlebia matthewsii'' (Kunze ex Mett.) L.E.Bishop *''Enterosora rouxii'' (Rakotondr. & Parris) comb. ined. = '' Zygophlebia rouxii'' Rakotondr. & Parris *''Enterosora sectifrons'' (Kunze ex Mett.) Shalisko & Sundue = '' Zygophlebia sectifrons'' (Kunze ex Mett.) L.E.Bishop *''Enterosora subpinnata'' (Baker) Shalisko & Sundue = '' Zygophlebia subpinnata'' (Baker) L.E.Bishop ex Parris *''Enterosora torulosa'' (Baker) Shalisko & Sundue = '' Zygophlebia torulosa'' (Baker) Parris *''Enterosora villosissima'' (Hook.) Shalisko & Sundue = '' Zygophlebia villosissima'' (Hook.) L.E.Bishop *''Enterosora werffii'' (L.E.Bishop) comb. ined. = '' Zygophlebia werffii'' L.E.Bishop

Distribution

When

circumscribed In geometry, a circumscribed circle for a set of points is a circle passing through each of them. Such a circle is said to ''circumscribe'' the points or a polygon formed from them; such a polygon is said to be ''inscribed'' in the circle. * Circum ...

to include ''Zygophlebia'', the genus ''Enterosora'' is widely distributed in the

Neotropics The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone. Definition In biogeog ...

and tropical Africa, including

Madagascar Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar, is an island country that includes the island of Madagascar and numerous smaller peripheral islands. Lying off the southeastern coast of Africa, it is the world's List of islands by area, f ...

and the

Mascarene Islands The Mascarene Islands (, ) or Mascarenes or Mascarenhas Archipelago is a group of islands in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar consisting of islands belonging to the Republic of Mauritius as well as the French department of Réunion. Their na ...

. The species which Bishop placed in ''Zygophlebia'' were mainly native to the Neotropics, with a few African species.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q8075885 Polypodiaceae Fern genera Taxonomy articles created by Polbot