''Enoplognatha'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

comb-footed spiders Theridiidae, also known as the tangle-web spiders, cobweb spiders and comb-footed spiders, is a large family of araneomorph spiders first described by Carl Jakob Sundevall in 1833. This diverse, globally distributed family includes over 3,000 spec ...

first described by P. Pavesi in 1880. They were characterized by both a large

colulus Cribellum literally means "little sieve", and in biology the term generally applies to anatomical structures in the form of tiny perforated plates. In certain groups of diatoms it refers to microscopically punctured regions of the frustule, or ...

and a subspherical

abdomen The abdomen (colloquially called the gut, belly, tummy, midriff, tucky, or stomach) is the front part of the torso between the thorax (chest) and pelvis in humans and in other vertebrates. The area occupied by the abdomen is called the abdominal ...

, with males usually have enlarged

chelicerae The chelicerae () are the arthropod mouthparts, mouthparts of the subphylum Chelicerata, an arthropod group that includes arachnids, horseshoe crabs, and sea spiders. Commonly referred to as "jaws", chelicerae may be shaped as either articulated ...

. It is considered a senior synonym of ''Symopagia''. Among the theridiids, they are medium to large sized. ''E. maricopa'', a red-brown spider with a mottled purplish abdomen, has males that can reach a length of , while females typically reach . ''E. peruviana'' females can grow to long, and female ''E. zapfeae'' can reach up to .

Species

it contains seventy-four species with a

cosmopolitan distribution In biogeography, a cosmopolitan distribution is the range of a taxon that extends across most or all of the surface of the Earth, in appropriate habitats; most cosmopolitan species are known to be highly adaptable to a range of climatic and en ...

, including

Greenland Greenland is an autonomous territory in the Danish Realm, Kingdom of Denmark. It is by far the largest geographically of three constituent parts of the kingdom; the other two are metropolitan Denmark and the Faroe Islands. Citizens of Greenlan ...

and

Western Australia Western Australia (WA) is the westernmost state of Australia. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east, and South Australia to the south-east. Western Aust ...

: *'' E. abrupta'' ( Karsch, 1879) –

Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

(Far East),

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

Korea Korea is a peninsular region in East Asia consisting of the Korean Peninsula, Jeju Island, and smaller islands. Since the end of World War II in 1945, it has been politically Division of Korea, divided at or near the 38th parallel north, 3 ...

Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...

*'' E. afrodite'' Hippa & Oksala, 1983 –

Southern Europe Southern Europe is also known as Mediterranean Europe, as its geography is marked by the Mediterranean Sea. Definitions of southern Europe include some or all of these countries and regions: Albania, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, C ...

*'' E. almeriensis'' Bosmans & Van Keer, 1999 –

Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. Featuring Cabo da Roca, the westernmost point in continental Europe, Portugal borders Spain to its north and east, with which it share ...

Spain Spain, or the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe with territories in North Africa. Featuring the Punta de Tarifa, southernmost point of continental Europe, it is the largest country in Southern Eur ...

*'' E. angkora'' Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, 2013 – China *'' E. apaya'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 –

Philippines The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...

*'' E. bidens''

Simon Simon may refer to: People * Simon (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters with the given name Simon * Simon (surname), including a list of people with the surname Simon * Eugène Simon, French naturalist and the genus ...

, 1908 –

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller isl ...

(Western

) *'' E. biskrensis'' Denis, 1945 –

Morocco Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It has coastlines on the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to Algeria–Morocc ...

Algeria Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to Algeria–Tunisia border, the northeast by Tunisia; to Algeria–Libya border, the east by Libya; to Alger ...

Tunisia Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Tunisia also shares m ...

*'' E. bobaiensis'' Zhu, 1998 – China *'' E. bryjai'' Řezáč, 2016 – Czechia *'' E. cariasoi'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines *'' E. caricis'' (Fickert, 1876) –

Europe Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...

Turkey Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armen ...

, Russia (

to Far East), China, Korea, Japan *'' E. carinata'' Bosmans & Van Keer, 1999 – Morocco, Algeria *'' E. daweiensis'' Yin & Yan, 2012 – China *'' E. deserta'' Levy & Amitai, 1981 – Morocco to Israel, Russia (Europe) *'' E. diodonta'' Zhu & Zhang, 1992 –

Pakistan Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the Islam by country# ...

India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...

, China *'' E. diversa'' ( Blackwall, 1859) – Canary Is., Madeira, Portugal, Spain,

France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...

, Morocco to Greece *'' E. franzi'' Wunderlich, 1995 – Mediterranean,

Iraq Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to Iraq–Saudi Arabia border, the south, Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq border, the east, the Persian Gulf and ...

*'' E. fuyangensis'' Barrion & He, 2017 – China *'' E. gemina'' Bosmans & Van Keer, 1999 – Mediterranean to Azerbaijan *'' E. gershomi'' Bosmans & Van Keer, 1999 –

Israel Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in West Asia. It Borders of Israel, shares borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the north-east, Jordan to the east, Egypt to the south-west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. Isr ...

*'' E. giladensis'' (Levy & Amitai, 1982) –

Greece Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. Located on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to th ...

(

Rhodes Rhodes (; ) is the largest of the Dodecanese islands of Greece and is their historical capital; it is the List of islands in the Mediterranean#By area, ninth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. Administratively, the island forms a separ ...

), Turkey, Israel,

Azerbaijan Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a Boundaries between the continents, transcontinental and landlocked country at the boundary of West Asia and Eastern Europe. It is a part of the South Caucasus region and is bounded by ...

*'' E. goulouensis'' Yin & Yan, 2012 – China *'' E. gramineusa'' Zhu, 1998 – China *'' E. hermani'' Bosmans & Van Keer, 1999 – Algeria *'' E. inornata'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 –

South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost country in Africa. Its Provinces of South Africa, nine provinces are bounded to the south by of coastline that stretches along the Atlantic O ...

*'' E. intrepida'' (Sørensen, 1898) – USA,

Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its Provinces and territories of Canada, ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's List of coun ...

, Korea *'' E. iraqi'' Najim, Al-Hadlak & Seyyar, 2015 – Iraq,

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...

*'' E. joshua''

Chamberlin The Chamberlin is an electro-mechanical keyboard instrument that was a precursor to the Mellotron. It was developed and patented by the American inventor Harry Chamberlin from 1949 to 1956, when the first model was introduced. There are several ...

& Ivie, 1942 – USA *'' E. juninensis'' (

Keyserling Keyserling is the surname of several members of the noble House of Keyserlingk: * Alexander Keyserling (1815–1891), Russian geologist, paleontologist, botanist and zoologist * Eugen von Keyserling (1833–1889), German arachnologist * Hermann Gr ...

, 1884) –

Peru Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pac ...

*'' E. kalaykayina'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines *'' E. latimana'' Hippa & Oksala, 1982 – Canada, Europe,

North Africa North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region. However, it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of t ...

, Turkey,

Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region spanning Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, comprising parts of Southern Russia, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The Caucasus Mountains, i ...

, Russia (Europe) to Central Asia, Iran *'' E. lordosa'' Zhu & Song, 1992 – China, Japan *'' E. macrochelis'' Levy & Amitai, 1981 – North Macedonia, Greece, Turkey,

Cyprus Cyprus (), officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Situated in West Asia, its cultural identity and geopolitical orientation are overwhelmingly Southeast European. Cyprus is the List of isl ...

, Israel, Azerbaijan, Iran *'' E. malapahabanda'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines *'' E. mandibularis'' (Lucas, 1846) (

type Type may refer to: Science and technology Computing * Typing, producing text via a keyboard, typewriter, etc. * Data type, collection of values used for computations. * File type * TYPE (DOS command), a command to display contents of a file. * ...

) – Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Israel, Russia (Europe) to Central Asia, Iran, China *'' E. mangshan'' Yin, 2012 – China *'' E. margarita'' Yaginuma, 1964 –

Kazakhstan Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country primarily in Central Asia, with a European Kazakhstan, small portion in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the Kazakhstan–Russia border, north and west, China to th ...

, Russia (Central Asia to Far East), China, Korea, Japan *'' E. mariae'' Bosmans & Van Keer, 1999 – Greece, Russia (Caucasus) *'' E. maricopa''

Levi Levi ( ; ) was, according to the Book of Genesis, the third of the six sons of Jacob and Leah (Jacob's third son), and the founder of the Israelites, Israelite Tribe of Levi (the Levites, including the Kohanim) and the great-grandfather of Aaron ...

, 1962 – USA *'' E. marmorata'' ( Hentz, 1850) –

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South Ameri ...

*'' E. maysanga'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines *'' E. mediterranea'' Levy & Amitai, 1981 – Turkey, Cyprus, Israel, Azerbaijan, Iran *'' E. melanicruciata'' Saito, 1939 – Japan *'' E. molesta'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 – South Africa *'' E. monstrabilis'' Marusik & Logunov, 2002 – Russia (South Siberia) *'' E. mordax'' ( Thorell, 1875) – Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe) to Tajikistan, Iran, China *'' E. nigromarginata'' (Lucas, 1846) – Spain to Greece, Morocco, Algeria *'' E. oelandica'' (Thorell, 1875) – Europe, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, China *'' E. oreophila'' (Simon, 1894) –

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, also known historically as Ceylon, is an island country in South Asia. It lies in the Indian Ocean, southwest of the Bay of Bengal, separated from the Indian subcontinent, ...

*'' E. orientalis'' Schenkel, 1963 – China *'' E. ovata'' ( Clerck, 1757) – North America, Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Middle Siberia), Kazakhstan, Iran, Central Asia, Japan *'' E. parathoracica'' Levy & Amitai, 1981 – Turkey, Israel, Azerbaijan *'' E. penelope'' Hippa & Oksala, 1982 –

Bulgaria Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern portion of the Balkans directly south of the Danube river and west of the Black Sea. Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey t ...

, Greece (incl. Crete) *'' E. peruviana'' Chamberlin, 1916 – Peru *'' E. philippinensis'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines *'' E. procerula'' Simon, 1909 – South Africa *'' E. pulatuberculata'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines *'' E. puno'' Levi, 1962 – Peru *'' E. qiuae'' Zhu, 1998 – China *'' E. quadripunctata'' Simon, 1885 – Mediterranean, Caucasus, Kazakhstan *'' E. robusta'' Thorell, 1898 –

Myanmar Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; and also referred to as Burma (the official English name until 1989), is a country in northwest Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has ...

*'' E. sattleri'' Bösenberg, 1895 – Madeira, Salvages, Canary Is. *'' E. selma'' Chamberlin & Ivie, 1946 – USA *'' E. serratosignata'' ( L. Koch, 1879) – Europe, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, China *'' E. tadzhica'' Sytshevskaja, 1975 –

Tajikistan Tajikistan, officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a landlocked country in Central Asia. Dushanbe is the capital city, capital and most populous city. Tajikistan borders Afghanistan to the Afghanistan–Tajikistan border, south, Uzbekistan to ...

*'' E. testacea'' Simon, 1884 – Southern, Central Europe to Central Asia *'' E. thoracica'' (

Hahn Hahn may refer to: Places *Hahn (crater), on the Moon *Hahn (Holzhausen), a hill in Hesse, Germany *Hahn, Rhineland-Palatinate, a municipality in Germany **Hahn Air Base, a former frontline NATO facility near Hahn **Frankfurt–Hahn Airport * Ha ...

, 1833) – North America, Europe, Turkey, North Africa,

Syria Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to Syria–Turkey border, the north, Iraq to Iraq–Syria border, t ...

, Iran,

Turkmenistan Turkmenistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, east and northeast, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest and the Caspian Sea to the west. Ash ...

*'' E. turkestanica'' Charitonov, 1946 – Iran, Central Asia *'' E. tuybaana'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines *'' E. verae'' Bosmans & Van Keer, 1999 – Morocco, Spain, Tunisia,

Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...

, Greece *'' E. wyuta'' Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 – USA *'' E. yelpantrapensis'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines *'' E. yizhangensis'' Yin, 2012 – China *'' E. zapfeae'' Levi, 1962 –

Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica, stretching along a narrow strip of land between the Andes, Andes Mountains and the Paci ...

In synonymy: *''E. aituarca'' Esyunin & Efimik, 1998 = ''Enoplognatha serratosignata'' (L. Koch, 1879) *''E. albimaculosa'' (Saito, 1934, T from ''Steatoda'') = ''Enoplognatha caricis'' (Fickert, 1876) *''E. ambigua'' Kulczyński, 1894 = ''Enoplognatha serratosignata'' (L. Koch, 1879) *''E. arganoi'' (Brignoli, 1980, T from ''Robertus'') = ''Enoplognatha testacea'' Simon, 1884 *''E. camtschadalica'' Kulczyński, 1885 = ''Enoplognatha caricis'' (Fickert, 1876) *''E. corollata'' (Bertkau, 1883) = ''Enoplognatha oelandica'' (Thorell, 1875) *''E. cottarellii'' (Brignoli, 1980) = ''Enoplognatha testacea'' Simon, 1884 *''E. crucifera'' (Thorell, 1875) = ''Enoplognatha mordax'' (Thorell, 1875) *''E. dorsinotata'' Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 = ''Enoplognatha caricis'' (Fickert, 1876) *''E. elimata'' (L. Koch, 1882, T from ''Theridion'') = ''Enoplognatha diversa'' (Blackwall, 1859) *''E. hangzhouensis'' Zhu, 1998 = ''Enoplognatha abrupta'' (Karsch, 1879) *''E. hungarica'' Kolosváry, 1934 = ''Enoplognatha serratosignata'' (L. Koch, 1879) *''E. jacksoni'' Schenkel, 1927 = ''Enoplognatha serratosignata'' (L. Koch, 1879) *''E. japonica'' Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 = ''Enoplognatha caricis'' (Fickert, 1876) *''E. joshua'' Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 = ''Enoplognatha joshua'' Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 *''E. krasnojarskensis'' (Strand, 1903, removed from S of ''Theridion undulatum'') = ''Enoplognatha serratosignata'' (L. Koch, 1879) *''E. mansueta'' (L. Koch, 1882, T from ''Theridion'') = ''Enoplognatha mandibularis'' (Lucas, 1846) *''E. maritima'' Simon, 1884 = ''Enoplognatha mordax'' (Thorell, 1875) *''E. marmorata'' Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 = ''Enoplognatha marmorata'' (Hentz, 1850) *''E. militaris'' Wunderlich, 1995 = ''Enoplognatha latimana'' Hippa & Oksala, 1982 *''E. mimoides'' (Chamberlin, 1920) = ''Enoplognatha marmorata'' (Hentz, 1850) *''E. nigrocincta'' Simon, 1884 = ''Enoplognatha mandibularis'' (Lucas, 1846) *''E. pikes'' Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 = ''Enoplognatha intrepida'' (Sørensen, 1898) *''E. piuta'' Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 = ''Enoplognatha joshua'' Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 *''E. puritana'' Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 = ''Enoplognatha caricis'' (Fickert, 1876) *''E. redimita'' (Linnaeus, 1758, T from ''Theridion'') = ''Enoplognatha ovata'' (Clerck, 1757) *''E. robustula'' Roewer, 1942 = ''Enoplognatha diversa'' (Blackwall, 1859) *''E. rugosa'' Emerton, 1908 = ''Enoplognatha intrepida'' (Sørensen, 1898) *''E. schaufussi'' (L. Koch, 1882) = ''Enoplognatha mordax'' (Thorell, 1875) *''E. submargarita'' Yaginuma & Zhu, 1992 = ''Enoplognatha margarita'' Yaginuma, 1964 *''E. tecta'' Keyserling, 1884 = ''Enoplognatha caricis'' (Fickert, 1876) *''E. thoracicoides'' Nosek, 1905 = ''Enoplognatha quadripunctata'' Simon, 1884 *''E. transversifoveata'' (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) = ''Enoplognatha abrupta'' (Karsch, 1879)

References

{{Authority control Theridiidae Theridiidae genera Cosmopolitan spiders

Species

See also

References