Enoplea (enopleans) is a
class, which with the classes
Secernentea[ Tree of Life Web Project (ToL) (2002)]
Nematoda
Version of January 1, 2002. Retrieved November 2, 2008. and
Chromadorea make up the
phylum
In biology, a phylum (; plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. Traditionally, in botany the term division has been used instead of phylum, although the International Code of Nomenclatu ...
Nematoda in current
taxonomy.
The Enoplea are considered to be a more ancestral group than the
Chromadorea, and researchers have referred to its members as the "ancestrally diverged nematodes", compared to the "more recently diverged nematodes" of Chromadorea.
Description
The Enoplea are distinguished from the Chromadorea by a number of characteristics. The enoplean
esophagus is cylindrical or "bottle-shaped", compared to the bulbous chromadorean esophagus. Enopleans have pocket-like
amphids, while chromadoreans have amphids shaped like slits, pores, coils, or spirals. An enoplean is smooth or marked with fine lines, while a chromadorean may have rings, projections, or
setae. The enoplean
excretory system is simple, sometimes made up of a single cell, while chromadoreans have more complex, tubular systems, sometimes with glands.
[Class Enoplea.]
Nemaplex: Nematode-Plant Expert Information System. University of California, Davis. Version October 9, 2012.
Taxonomy
Phylogenetic analysis of phylum Nematoda suggests three distinct basal
clades, the
dorylaims
Dorylaimia is a subclass of nematodes.
Description
In general, members of subclass Dorylaimia exhibit a great diversity of terrestrial and freshwater species, most of which are large predators or omnivorous free-living species. Some are plant ...
,
enoplids and
chromadorids. These represent Clades I, II and C+S of Blaxter (1998). Of these, the first two appear to have
sister clade status, allowing resolution into two classes, Enoplea and Chromadorea, and division of the former into two subclasses corresponding to Clades I and II respectively, the Enoplia and Dorylaimia.
Subdivision
Two subclasses are divided into
orders
Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to:
* Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood
* Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of ...
.
[
*Subclass ]Enoplia
The Enoplia are a subclass of nematodes in the class Enoplea.
Description
Enoplians are characterized by amphids shaped like ovals, stirrups, or pouches. Their bodies are smooth, without rings or lines. The esophagus is cylindrical and glan ...
**Order Enoplida
**Order Trefusiida
**Order Triplonchida
Triplonchida is an order of terrestrial nematodes, and is one of two orders making up the subclass Enoplia.[Dorylaimia
Dorylaimia is a subclass of nematodes.
Description
In general, members of subclass Dorylaimia exhibit a great diversity of terrestrial and freshwater species, most of which are large predators or omnivorous free-living species. Some are plant ...]
**Order Dorylaimida
**Order Mermithida
Mermithida is an order of nematode worms. The order includes two families, and most members are endoparasites on arthropods. One of the morphological characteristic of the order is the presence of a stichosome
Stichosome (from Greek ''stichos (� ...
**Order Mononchida
Mononchida is an order of nematode
The nematodes ( or grc-gre, Νηματώδη; la, Nematoda) or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes), with plant-Parasitism, parasitic nematodes also known as eelworms. ...
**Order Dioctophymatida
**Order Trichinellida
The Trichocephalida (Trichinellida or Trichurida in other classifications) is an order of parasitic nematodes.
Taxonomy
The order Trichocephalida includes, according to modern classifications, the single suborder Trichinellina Hodda, 2007, which ...
**Order Isolaimida
**Order Muspiceida
Muspiceida is an order of nematodes belonging to the class Enoplea.
Families:
* Muspiceidae Brumpt, 1920
* Robertdollfusiidae
Robertdollfusiidae is a family of nematodes belonging to the order Muspiceida
Muspiceida is an order of nematod ...
**Order Marimermithida
Ecology
Several orders of enopleans are mainly freshwater
Fresh water or freshwater is any naturally occurring liquid or frozen water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Although the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does in ...
animals, and several include marine species.
Many enopleans are parasites of plants and animals, including humans. The orders Triplonchida and Dorylaimida include plant-parasitic nematodes that are vectors of plant pathogens. The orders Mermithida and Marimermithida include parasites of invertebrate
Invertebrates are a paraphyletic group of animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a ''backbone'' or ''spine''), derived from the notochord. This is a grouping including all animals apart from the chordate ...
s. The orders Dioctophymatida, Trichinellida, and Muspiceida include parasites of vertebrates such as birds and mammals. Examples are '' Trichinella spiralis'', a nematode known for causing trichinosis
Trichinosis, also known as trichinellosis, is a parasitic disease caused by nematodes, roundworms of the ''Trichinella'' type. During the initial infection, invasion of the intestines can result in diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting. Migrat ...
in humans who consume it in undercooked pork
Pork is the culinary name for the meat of the domestic pig (''Sus domesticus''). It is the most commonly consumed meat worldwide, with evidence of pig husbandry dating back to 5000 BCE.
Pork is eaten both freshly cooked and preserved ...
, ''Haycocknema perplexum
''Haycocknema perplexum'' are parasitic nematodes which reside in tissue under the skin or in blood vessels. The origin of their natural host is unknown. This group comprises 8% of nematode species affecting vertebrates.
Clinical symptoms of ' ...
'' which can be life-threatening to humans,[
]
References
Bibliography
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{{Taxonbar, from=Q1933805
Protostome classes