Oenology (also enology; ) is the science and study of

wine Wine is an alcoholic drink made from Fermentation in winemaking, fermented fruit. Yeast in winemaking, Yeast consumes the sugar in the fruit and converts it to ethanol and carbon dioxide, releasing heat in the process. Wine is most often made f ...

and

winemaking Winemaking, wine-making, or vinification is the production of wine, starting with the selection of the fruit, its Ethanol fermentation, fermentation into alcohol, and the bottling of the finished liquid. The history of wine-making stretches over ...

. Oenology is distinct from

viticulture Viticulture (, "vine-growing"), viniculture (, "wine-growing"), or winegrowing is the cultivation and harvesting of grapes. It is a branch of the science of horticulture. While the native territory of ''Vitis vinifera'', the common grape vine ...

, which is the science of the growing, cultivation, and harvesting of

grape A grape is a fruit, botanically a berry, of the deciduous woody vines of the flowering plant genus ''Vitis''. Grapes are a non- climacteric type of fruit, generally occurring in clusters. The cultivation of grapes began approximately 8,0 ...

s. The English word oenology derives from the Greek word ''oinos'' ( οἶνος) "wine" and the suffix ''–logia'' ( -λογία) the "study of". An oenologist is an expert in the science of wine and of the arts and techniques for making wine.

Education and training

University programs in oenology and viticulture usually feature a concentration in science for the degree of

Bachelor of Science A Bachelor of Science (BS, BSc, B.S., B.Sc., SB, or ScB; from the Latin ') is a bachelor's degree that is awarded for programs that generally last three to five years. The first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Scienc ...

(B.S, B.Sc., Sc.B), and as a terminal master's degree — either in a scientific or in a research program for the degree of

Master of Science A Master of Science (; abbreviated MS, M.S., MSc, M.Sc., SM, S.M., ScM or Sc.M.) is a master's degree. In contrast to the Master of Arts degree, the Master of Science degree is typically granted for studies in sciences, engineering and medici ...

(M.S., Sc.M.), e.g. the

master of professional studies Master, master's or masters may refer to: Ranks or titles In education: *Master (college), head of a college *Master's degree, a postgraduate or sometimes undergraduate degree in the specified discipline *Schoolmaster or master, presiding office ...

degree. Oenologists and viticulturalists with doctorates often have a background in

horticulture Horticulture (from ) is the art and science of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, trees, shrubs and ornamental plants. Horticulture is commonly associated with the more professional and technical aspects of plant cultivation on a smaller and mo ...

plant physiology Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning, or physiology, of plants. Plant physiologists study fundamental processes of plants, such as photosynthesis, respiration, plant nutrition, plant hormone functions, tr ...

, and

microbiology Microbiology () is the branches of science, scientific study of microorganisms, those being of unicellular organism, unicellular (single-celled), multicellular organism, multicellular (consisting of complex cells), or non-cellular life, acellula ...

. Related to oenology are the professional titles of ''

sommelier A ''sommelier'' ( , , ), ''chef de vin'' or wine steward, is a trained and knowledgeable wine professional, normally working in fine restaurants, who specializes in all aspects of wine service as well as wine and food pairing. The role of the ''s ...

'' and master of wine, which are specific certifications in the

restaurant A restaurant is an establishment that prepares and serves food and drinks to customers. Meals are generally served and eaten on the premises, but many restaurants also offer take-out and Delivery (commerce), food delivery services. Restaurants ...

business and in

hospitality management Hospitality management may refer to: * Hotel management occupation, the practice of running hotels * Hospitality industry The hospitality industry is a broad category of fields within the service industry that includes lodging, food and beve ...

. Occupationally, oenologists usually work as winemakers, as wine chemists in commercial laboratories, and in oenologic organisations, such as the

Australian Wine Research Institute The Australian Wine Research Institute (AWRI) is a research institute with a focus on Australian wine, based in Adelaide, South Australia. Location It is based at the Wine Innovation Cluster, situated in the Waite Research Precinct, in the Ade ...

Australia

Schools in Australia tend to offer a "bachelor of viticulture" or "master of viticulture" degree. *

Charles Sturt University Charles Sturt University is an Australian multi-campus public university located in New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory and Victoria, Australia, Victoria. Established in 1989, it was named in honour of Captain (British Army and Royal ...

- Wagga Wagga, New South Wales *

Melbourne Polytechnic/La Trobe University Melbourne ( , ; Boonwurrung/ or ) is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second most-populous city in Australia, after Sydney. The city's name generally refers to a metropolitan area also known as ...

- Melbourne Australia *

Queensland College of Wine Tourism Queensland ( , commonly abbreviated as Qld) is a state in northeastern Australia, and is the second-largest and third-most populous state in Australia. It is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Australia and New South Wales to the west, ...

- Stanthorpe, Queensland *

University of Adelaide The University of Adelaide is a public university, public research university based in Adelaide, South Australia. Established in 1874, it is the third-oldest university in Australia. Its main campus in the Adelaide city centre includes many Sa ...

- Adelaide, South Australia

Brazil

Federal Institute of Rio Grande do Sul The Federal Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (, IFRS), or in full: Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Sul () is an institution that offers high and professional educations by having a pluricurricular form. It is ...

- Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, Feliz, Sertão, Canoas, Porto Alegre-Restinga, Caxias do Sul, Osório, Erechim, and Rio Grande *

Federal University of Pampa The Federal University of Pampa (, Unipampa) is a public university established in 2006 in the Southern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Unipampa was created by Law 11640 of January 11, 2008 as the Federal University of Pampa, with head ...

- Dom Pedrito Campus, Rio Grande do Sul

Canada

Brock University Brock University is a public university, public research university in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. It is the only university in Canada in a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, at the centre of Canada's Niagara Peninsula on the Niagara Escarpment. The ...

- St. Catharines, Ontario

France

Official National Diploma of Oenology: *

Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse (, ; abbr. Toulouse INP) is a French university cluster based in Toulouse, France, part of the University of Toulouse. It was founded in 1969. The institute is composed of seven schools (six engineering ...

- Toulouse *

Jules Guyot Institute Jules is the French form of the Latin "Julius" (e.g. Jules César, the French name for Julius Caesar). In the anglosphere, it is also used for females although it is still a predominantly masculine name.One of the few notable examples of a femal ...

- Dijon *

University of Bordeaux The University of Bordeaux (, ) is a public research university based in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. It has several campuses in the cities and towns of Bordeaux, Dax, Gradignan, Périgueux, Pessac, and Talence. There are al ...

- Bordeaux *

University of Montpellier I The Montpellier 1 University (''Université Montpellier 1'') was a French university, in the Academy of Montpellier. It was one of the three successor universities to the University of Montpellier following the split in 1970. In January 2015, Mo ...

- Montpellier *

University of Reims The University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne (; URCA), also known simply as the University of Reims, is a public university based in Reims, France. In addition to the main campus in Reims, the university has several campuses located throughout t ...

- Reims Other wine diplomas: *

Université de Bourgogne The University of Burgundy Europe (, UBE; formerly known as University of Dijon) is a public university located in Dijon, France. The University of Burgundy Europe is situated on a large campus (more than 150 ha) in the eastern part of Dijon cal ...

- Dijon * Université du Vin - Suze-la-Rousse

Germany

* Hochschule Geisenheim University - Geisenheim, Hesse *

University of Hohenheim A university () is an institution of tertiary education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase , which roughly means "community of teachers and scholars". Uni ...

- Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg * Heilbronn University of Applied Sciences - Heilbronn, Künzelsau, Schwäbisch Hall, Baden-Württemberg * Staatliche Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt für Wein- und Obstbau Weinsberg - Weinsberg, Baden-Württemberg * Bayerische Landesanstalt für Weinbau und Gartenbau - Veitshöchheim, Bavaria * Weincampus Neustadt - Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Rheinland-Pfalz

Israel

The Hebrew University of Jerusalem The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI; ) is an Israeli public research university based in Jerusalem. Co-founded by Albert Einstein and Chaim Weizmann in July 1918, the public university officially opened on 1 April 1925. It is the second-ol ...

- Rehovot

Italy

Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, colloquially the Catholic University of Milan () or simply the Cattolica, is an Italian private research university founded in 1921. Its main campus is located in Milan, Italy, with satellite campuses in B ...

br>
- International Vintage Master - Piacenz

*

University of Bologna The University of Bologna (, abbreviated Unibo) is a Public university, public research university in Bologna, Italy. Teaching began around 1088, with the university becoming organised as guilds of students () by the late 12th century. It is the ...

- Cesena *

University of Padua The University of Padua (, UNIPD) is an Italian public research university in Padua, Italy. It was founded in 1222 by a group of students and teachers from the University of Bologna, who previously settled in Vicenza; thus, it is the second-oldest ...

- Conegliano *

University of Palermo The University of Palermo () is a public university, public research university in Palermo, Italy. It was founded in 1806, and is currently organized in 12 Faculties. History The University of Palermo was officially founded in 1806, although it ...

- Marsala *

University of Perugia The University of Perugia ( Italian ''Università degli Studi di Perugia'') is a public university in Perugia, Italy. It was founded in 1308, as attested by the Bull issued by Pope Clement V certifying the birth of the Studium Generale. The offi ...

- Perugia *

University of Salento The University of Salento (, called until 2007 ''Università degli Studi di Lecce'') is a university located in Lecce, Italy. It was founded in 1955 by Giuseppe Codacci Pisanelli. The university of Salento commenced activities in the academic ye ...

- Lecce *

University of Trento The University of Trento (Italian: ''Università degli Studi di Trento'') is an Italian university located in Trento and nearby Rovereto. It has been able to achieve considerable results in didactics, research, and international relations accord ...

- Edmund Mach Foundation - Trento, San Michele all'Adige *

University of Turin The University of Turin (Italian language, Italian: ''Università degli Studi di Torino'', UNITO) is a public university, public research university in the city of Turin, in the Piedmont (Italy), Piedmont region of Italy. It is one of the List ...

- Grugliasco, Alba, and Asti (as a Consortium of the Universities of Turin, Milan, Palermo, Sassari, and Foggia) *

University of Udine The University of Udine (Italian language, Italian ''Università degli Studi di Udine'') is a public university in the city of Udine, Italy. It was founded in 1978 as part of the reconstruction plan of Friuli after the 1976 Friuli earthquake, ear ...

- Udine * University of Verona - Verona

New Zealand

Eastern Institute of Technology The Eastern Institute of Technology (EIT) is a government owned tertiary education institution with three campuses: Hawke’s Bay, Auckland, and Gisborne, New Zealand, Gisborne, New Zealand. It is also referred to as EIT Hawke's Bay, EIT Tairā ...

- Hawke's Bay * Lincoln University - Christchurch *

University of Auckland The University of Auckland (; Māori: ''Waipapa Taumata Rau'') is a public research university based in Auckland, New Zealand. The institution was established in 1883 as a constituent college of the University of New Zealand. Initially loc ...

- Auckland

Peru

* Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista - Ingeniería en Enología y Viticultura - Lima, Ica, Chincha

Portugal

Universidade do Porto The University of Porto (''Universidade do Porto'') is a Portugal, Portuguese Public university, public research university located in Porto, and founded on 22 March 1911. It is the second largest Portuguese university by number of enrolled stu ...

- Porto * University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro - Vila Real *

Universidade de Évora The FISU World University Games, formerly the Universiade, is an international multi-sport event, organized for university athletes by the International University Sports Federation (FISU). The former name is a portmanteau of the words "Universi ...

- Évora

South Africa

University of Stellenbosch Stellenbosch University (SU) (, ) is a public research university situated in Stellenbosch, a town in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Stellenbosch is the oldest university in South Africa and the oldest extant university in Sub-Sahara ...

- Stellenbosch

Slovenia

University of Nova Gorica The University of Nova Gorica, UNG (), is the fourth university in Slovenia. It is located in the towns of Nova Gorica, Vipava, and Ajdovščina. History The University of Nova Gorica grew out of the School of Environmental Sciences founded ...

- School for viticulture and enology - Vipava

Switzerland

Changins Agroscope is the Switzerland, Swiss Confederation's center of excellence for Agricultural science, agricultural research and is affiliated with the Federal Office for Agriculture, which is subordinate to the Federal Department of Economic Affai ...

- Nyon

Spain

Universitat Rovira i Virgili University of Rovira i Virgili (; ) is located in the Catalan cities of Tarragona, Reus, Tortosa Vila-seca, el Vendrell and Vilafranca del Penedès (Spain). Its name is in honor of Antoni Rovira i Virgili. The Universitat Rovira i Virgili is ...

- Tarragona * Universidad de La Rioja - La Rioja * Universidad de Cádiz - Cádiz, Andalusia

Ukraine

National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine The National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine () is a public agricultural university in Kyiv, Ukraine. Established in 1898, prior to 1992 the institution was named the Ukrainian Agricultural Academy (). From 1992 to 200 ...

- Kyiv * National University of Food Technologies - Kyiv * Odesa National Academy of Food Technologies - Odesa

United Kingdom

Plumpton College Plumpton College is a Further and Higher education college in Plumpton, East Sussex, England, with courses in a variety of land based and related subjects. The college provides a range of full-time and part-time land-based courses, FE courses to ...

- East Sussex

United States

Allan Hancock College Allan Hancock College is a public community college in Santa Maria, California. It offers associate degrees at its Lompoc Valley campus and at nearby Vandenberg Space Force Base. The college is part of the California Community College System ...

- Santa Maria, California *

California Polytechnic State University California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly San Luis Obispo or Cal Poly) is a public university in San Luis Obispo County, California, United States, - Cites the location of the university and shows that the university ...

- San Luis Obispo, California *

Colorado Mesa University Colorado Mesa University (CMU or Mesa) is a public university in Grand Junction, Colorado, United States. Originally established in 1925 as Grand Junction Junior College, the school was renamed to Mesa College in 1940. The college began offerin ...

- Grand Junction, Colorado *

Colorado State University Colorado State University (Colorado State or CSU) is a Public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Fort Collins, Colorado, United States. It is the flagship university of the Colorado State University Syst ...

- Fort Collins, Colorado *

Cornell University Cornell University is a Private university, private Ivy League research university based in Ithaca, New York, United States. The university was co-founded by American philanthropist Ezra Cornell and historian and educator Andrew Dickson W ...

- Ithaca and Geneva, New York *

Finger Lakes Community College Finger Lakes Community College (FLCC) is a Public college, public community college in Canandaigua, New York. It is affiliated with the State University of New York and sponsored by Ontario County, New York, Ontario County. The main campus is ...

- Canandaigua and Geneva, New York *

California State University, Fresno California State University, Fresno (Fresno State) is a public university in Fresno, California, United States. It is part of the California State University system. The university had a fall 2020 enrollment of 25,341 students. It offers 60 ba ...

- Fresno, California *

Grayson College Grayson College is a Public college, public community college in Grayson County, Texas. The main campus is in Denison, Texas, Denison and it has branch campuses in Denison (west extension, at the site of the old Perrin Air Force Base) and Van A ...

- Grayson, Texas *

Kent State University Kent State University (KSU) is a Public university, public research university in Kent, Ohio, United States. The university includes seven regional campuses in Northeast Ohio located in Kent State University at Ashtabula, Ashtabula, Kent State ...

- Kent, Ohio *

Miami University Miami University (informally Miami of Ohio or simply Miami) is a public university, public research university in Oxford, Ohio, United States. Founded in 1809, it is the second-oldest List of colleges and universities in Ohio, university in Ohi ...

- Oxford, Ohio *

Napa Valley College Napa Valley College, formerly Napa Junior College and Napa Community College, is a public community college in Napa, California. The tree-lined main campus is on overlooking the Napa River and includes a performing arts center, a child develop ...

- Napa, California *

Oregon State University Oregon State University (OSU) is a Public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Corvallis, Oregon, United States. OSU offers more than 200 undergraduate degree programs and a variety of graduate and doctor ...

- Corvallis, Oregon * Patrick & Henry Community College - Henry County, Virginia *

Paul Smith's College Paul Smith's College is a private college in the hamlet/village of Paul Smiths, in the town of Brighton, Franklin County, New York, in the Adirondack Mountains. Established in 1946, Paul Smith's College offers academic degrees of Associate ...

- Paul Smiths, New York *

Sonoma State University Sonoma State University (SSU, Sonoma State, or Sonoma) is a public university in Sonoma County, California, United States. It is part of the California State University system. Sonoma State offers 92 bachelor's degree programs, 19 master's de ...

- Sonoma, California * Surry Community College - Dobson, North Carolina *

University of California, Davis The University of California, Davis (UC Davis, UCD, or Davis) is a Public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Davis, California, United States. It is the northernmost of the ten campuses of the University ...

- Davis, California *

University of Missouri The University of Missouri (Mizzou or MU) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Columbia, Missouri, United States. It is Missouri's largest university and the flagship of the four-campus Univers ...

- Columbia, Missouri *

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University The Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, commonly referred to as Virginia Tech (VT), is a Public university, public Land-grant college, land-grant research university with its main campus in Blacksburg, Virginia, United States ...

(Virginia Tech) - Blacksburg, Virginia *

Washington State University Washington State University (WSU, or colloquially Wazzu) is a Public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Pullman, Washington, United States. Founded in 1890, WSU is also one of the oldest Land-grant uni ...

- Pullman, Washington *

Yavapai College Yavapai College is a public community college in Yavapai County, Arizona. The main campus is in Prescott, with locations in Clarkdale, Prescott Valley, Chino Valley and Sedona. History Yavapai College was established in 1965 by means of a ...

- Clarkdale, Arizona

Prominent oenologists

Alberto Antonini Alberto Antonini (born 10 June 1959) is an Italian Oenology, oenologist and grower-producer, as well as a consultant to a large number of wineries in various countries including Italian wine, Italy, American wine, the U.S., Argentine wine, Argentin ...

* Miguel Brascó * Cathy Corison *

Tullio De Rosa Tullio De Rosa (1923–1994) was an Italian enologist.Tullio De Rosa ...

Peter Gago Peter Gago (born 25 April 1957) is a British-Australian winemaker and author. Gago has been chief winemaker at Penfolds and custodian of Penfolds Grange since 2002, the most iconic Australian wine. Early life Gago was born in Newcastle, Englan ...

* Emma Gao *

Hermann Jaeger Hermann Jaeger (March 23, 1844 – c. May 17, 1895) was a Swiss-American viticulturist, honored as a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor for his part in saving the French wine industry from the phylloxera root louse pest. Early life Hermann J ...

* Max Léglise *

Zelma Long Zelma R. Long (born 1945) is an American enologist and vintner. She is considered to be one of the female pioneers in California wine, and was the first woman to assume senior management of a Californian winery, Simi Winery, of which she was presi ...

Justin Meyer Justin Meyer (born Raymond Meyer, 11 November 19386 August 2002) was an American vintner, enologist, and member of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools, Christian Brothers. He was the founder along with Raymond Twomey Duncan of S ...

Hermann Müller (Thurgau) Hermann Müller may refer to: * Hermann Müller (German botanist) (1829–1883), German botanist with whom Darwin corresponded * Hermann Müller (Swiss botanist) (1850–1927), Swiss botanist * Hermann Müller (cyclist) (1911–?), German cyclist ...

* Ottavio Ottavi *

Teber Erhan Teber (Tabar) Ottoman Turkish iron axe , Scythians axe, Teber or Tabar word etymological root is sumerian word "Tab" tab URN(13x: Old Babylonian, unknown) wr. tab; tab2 "to burn, fire; to dye (red); to brand, mark" Akk. hamāţu; šamātu; şar� ...

* Jacques Puisais *

Michel Rolland Michel Rolland (born December 24, 1947) is a Bordeaux-based oenologist, with hundreds of clients across 13 countries and influencing wine style around the world. "It is his consultancies outside France that have set him apart from all but a handf ...

* Carol Shelton *

Păstorel Teodoreanu Păstorel Teodoreanu, or just Păstorel (born Alexandru Osvald (Al. O.) Teodoreanu; July 30, 1894 – March 17, 1964), was a Romanian humorist, poet and gastronome, the brother of novelist Ionel Teodoreanu and brother in law of writer Ștefana Ve ...

* Miguel A. Torres * Keith Wallace

References

External links

Website of the Œnology and Viticulture department of the University of California at Davis

Oenologist.com - online resource about wine and professionals in the wine industry

VinoEnology.com - online wine-making calculators and resource about wine and professionals in the wine industry

Glossary of Terms for Enology, Viticulture and Winemaking
CCwinegroup.com, 2009 (PDF) {{Authority control