Energy in Hungary describes

energy Energy () is the physical quantity, quantitative physical property, property that is transferred to a physical body, body or to a physical system, recognizable in the performance of Work (thermodynamics), work and in the form of heat and l ...

and

electricity Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter possessing an electric charge. Electricity is related to magnetism, both being part of the phenomenon of electromagnetism, as described by Maxwel ...

production, consumption and import in

Hungary Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning much of the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and ...

. Energy policy of Hungary describes the

politics of Hungary The politics of Hungary take place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic. The prime minister is the head of government of a pluriform multi-party system, while the president is the head of state and holds a l ...

related to energy.

Statistics

Nuclear power

Hungary had, in 2017, four operating nuclear power reactors, constructed between 1982 and 1987, at the

Paks Nuclear Power Plant The Paks Nuclear Power Plant () is located from the small town of Paks, central Hungary, 100km southwest of Budapest on the shores of the Danube river. It is the first and only operating nuclear power station in Hungary. In 2019, its four rea ...

. An agreement in 2014 with the EU and an agreement between Hungary and

Rosatom State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom (commonly referred to as Rosatom rus, Росатом, p=rosˈatəm}), also known as Rosatom State Nuclear Energy Corporation, (), or Rosatom State Corporation, is a Russian State corporation (Russia), sta ...

may result in an additional two reactors being built for operation in 2030. The cost, estimated at €12.5bn, being funded mainly by Russia.

Oil

Hungary is reliant on oil from Russia for 46% of its needs in 2021, a decrease from 80% in 2013. An EU exemption to sanctions, following the

Russian invasion of Ukraine On 24 February 2022, , starting the largest and deadliest war in Europe since World War II, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, conflict between the two countries which began in 2014. The fighting has caused hundreds of thou ...

in 2022 allows Hungary to continue importing oil from Russia until December 2023.

MOL Group MOL Plc. (), also known as MOL Group, is a Hungarian Multinational corporation, multinational petroleum, oil and natural gas, gas company headquartered in Budapest, Hungary. Members of MOL Group include among others the Croatian and Slovak former ...

is an oil and gas group in Hungary.

Gas

Emfesz is a natural gas distributor in Hungary. Panrusgáz imports natural gas from Russia mainly Gazprom. The Arad–Szeged pipeline is a natural gas pipeline from Arad (Romania) to Szeged (Hungary).

Nabucco ''Nabucco'' (; short for ''Nabucodonosor'' , i.e. "Nebuchadnezzar II, Nebuchadnezzar") is an Italian-language opera in four acts composed in 1841 by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian libretto by Temistocle Solera. The libretto is based on the biblic ...

and

South Stream South Stream (; ; ; ; ; ) is a canceled pipeline project to transport natural gas of the Russian Federation through the Black Sea to Bulgaria and through Serbia, Hungary and Slovenia further to Austria. It was never finished. The project was f ...

gas pipelines were intended to reach Hungary and further to other European countries. The

gas pipeline was expected to pipe 31bn cubic metres of gas annually in a 3,300 km long pipeline constructed via Hungary, Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria and Austria. The

gas pipeline was expected to pipe 63bn cu m of gas from southern Russia to Bulgaria under the Black Sea. The pipe was planned to run via Hungary to central and southern Europe. These two were abandoned early in their design phases by a mix of disinterest, changing priorities and changes in geopolitical conditions in the larger Black Sea basin. Hungary in 2022 is reliant on Russia for 80% of its natural gas and seeks to continue buying from Gazprom. In October 2023 Bulgaria passed a law taxing Russian gas in transit to Hungary at 20 levs (10.22 euro) per MWh, roughly 20% of the purchase price of gas, the cost is probably payable by Gazprom. Hungary has complained about the tax.

Coal

The last coal electricity producer, the

Matra Power Plant Matra (an acronym for Mécanique Aviation Traction) was a major French industrial conglomerate. Its business activities covered a wide range of industries, notably aerospace, defence, automotive, motorsports, transport and telecommunications. ...

produced around 9% of the electricity needs of Hungary in 2020. It is served by two coal mines in

Visonta Visonta is a village in Heves County, Hungary, along the Bene creek, beneath the Mátra mountain ranges. As of the 2022 census, it has a population of 1159 (see Demographics). The village is located 9.0 km from (Nr. 85) Vámosgyörk–Gyön ...

, and in

Bükkábrány Bükkábrány is a village in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county, Hungary. In its open cast coal mine palaeontologist found sixteen preserved trunks of cypress Cypress is a common name for various coniferous trees or shrubs from the ''Cupressus'' g ...

. The current generator is to shut down in 2025 to be replaced by a CCGT unit.

Renewable energy

Hungary renewable electricity production

Hungary is a member of the

European Union The European Union (EU) is a supranational union, supranational political union, political and economic union of Member state of the European Union, member states that are Geography of the European Union, located primarily in Europe. The u ...

and thus takes part in the EU strategy to increase its share of the

renewable energy Renewable energy (also called green energy) is energy made from renewable resource, renewable natural resources that are replenished on a human lifetime, human timescale. The most widely used renewable energy types are solar energy, wind pow ...

. The EU has adopted the 2009 Renewable Energy Directive, which included a 20% renewable energy target by 2020 for the EU.EU Energy Policy to 2050
EWEA March 2011 By 2030 wind should produce in average 26-35% of the EU's electricity and save Europe €56 billion a year in avoided fuel costs. The national authors of Hungary forecast is 14.7% renewables in gross energy consumption by 2020, exceeding their 13% binding target by 1.7 percentage points. Hungary is the EU country with the smallest forecast penetration of renewables of the electricity demand in 2020, namely only 11% (including

biomass Biomass is a term used in several contexts: in the context of ecology it means living organisms, and in the context of bioenergy it means matter from recently living (but now dead) organisms. In the latter context, there are variations in how ...

6% and

wind power Wind power is the use of wind energy to generate useful work. Historically, wind power was used by sails, windmills and windpumps, but today it is mostly used to generate electricity. This article deals only with wind power for electricity ge ...

3%). The forecast includes 400 MW of new

capacity between 2010 and 2020. EWEA's 2009 forecast expects Hungary to reach 1.2 GW of installed wind capacity in this time. In the end of 2010 wind power capacity was 295 MW.

Wind power

No new wind farms have been built since 2012, with a law in 2016 effectively banning wind farms in Hungary by requiring they be built further than 12km from any community. Capacity in 2022 is 330MW. In 2022 Hungary published a ''Recovery and Resilience Plan'' outlining a total of HUF 2,300 billion (ca. EUR 6 billion) for strategic development projects with the energy sector, which may result in additional wind farms being built.

Solar power

Hungary had 4.8GW capacity for solar power in 2022, having grown from 26MW in 2016. The 2030 National Energy Strategy target is for 6GW capacity. As of 2023, the installed solar power capacity was 5835 MW. As of 2023, solar energy accounted for 18.4% of the country's total electricity production.

Carbon emissions

In 2007, emissions of

carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . It is made up of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalent bond, covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is found in a gas state at room temperature and at norma ...

totalled 53.9 million tonnes or around 5.4 tonnes per capita when the EU-27 average was 7.9 tonnes per capita.Energy in Sweden
, Facts and figures, The Swedish Energy Agency 2010, Table 1

References

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