Denmark Denmark is a Nordic countries, Nordic country in Northern Europe. It is the metropole and most populous constituent of the Kingdom of Denmark,, . also known as the Danish Realm, a constitutionally unitary state that includes the Autonomous a ...

has considerable sources of oil and

natural gas Natural gas (also fossil gas, methane gas, and gas) is a naturally occurring compound of gaseous hydrocarbons, primarily methane (95%), small amounts of higher alkanes, and traces of carbon dioxide and nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide and helium ...

in the

North Sea The North Sea lies between Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. A sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the Atlantic Ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Se ...

and ranked as number 32 in the world among net exporters of

crude oil Petroleum, also known as crude oil or simply oil, is a naturally occurring, yellowish-black liquid chemical mixture found in geological formations, consisting mainly of hydrocarbons. The term ''petroleum'' refers both to naturally occurring u ...

in 2008. Denmark expects to be self-sufficient with oil until 2050.Unforeseen billions from North Sea
''Maritime'', 4 December 2011. Accessed: 8 December 2011. However, gas resources are expected to decline, and production may decline below consumption in 2020, making imports necessary.Andersen, Christian Meiniche
Gas supply 2011-2013
page 17 '' Energinet.dk''. Accessed: 8 December 2011. Denmark imports around 12% of its energy (this statistic includes all forms of energy, not just electricity). Denmark has drastically decreased production of electricity from coal. In 2019 coal supplied less than 11% of electricity and production is scheduled to end in 2028. CO2 emissions Denmark

In February 2011 the

Danish government The Cabinet of Denmark (), officially the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark (), is the national cabinet of the Kingdom of Denmark. It has been the chief executive body and the government of the Danish Realm—Denmark proper together with the F ...

announced the "Energy Strategy 2050" with the aim to be fully independent of

fossil fuel A fossil fuel is a flammable carbon compound- or hydrocarbon-containing material formed naturally in the Earth's crust from the buried remains of prehistoric organisms (animals, plants or microplanktons), a process that occurs within geolog ...

s by 2050, and a new government repeated the goal in 2015 despite public scepticism. The European

Renewables Directive The Renewable Energy Directive 20182018/2001 is a Directive in EU law that requires 42.5 percent of the energy consumed within the European Union to be renewable by 2030. This target is pooled among the member states. Background Before the ...

set a mandatory target at 20% share of energy from renewable sources by 2020 (EU combined). In 2012 the Danish government adopted a plan to increase the share of electricity production from wind to 50% by 2020, and to 84% in 2035;Lindboe, page 3 this was later changed to a broader 100% renewable electricity by 2030 target. Denmark's

electrical grid An electrical grid (or electricity network) is an interconnected network for electricity delivery from producers to consumers. Electrical grids consist of power stations, electrical substations to step voltage up or down, electric power tran ...

is connected by

transmission lines In electrical engineering, a transmission line is a specialized cable or other structure designed to conduct electromagnetic waves in a contained manner. The term applies when the conductors are long enough that the wave nature of the transmis ...

to other European countries,Gellert, Bjarne Christian
Electricity interconnections
'' Energinet.dk'', 22 August 2011. Accessed: 6 December 2011. and had (according to the

World Economic Forum The World Economic Forum (WEF) is an international non-governmental organization, international advocacy non-governmental organization and think tank, based in Cologny, Canton of Geneva, Switzerland. It was founded on 24 January 1971 by German ...

) the best

energy security Energy security is the association between national security and the availability of natural resources for energy consumption (as opposed to household energy insecurity). Access to cheaper energy has become essential to the functioning of modern ...

in the EU in 2013 although this had fallen to third in the EU by 2014.

History

In 1972, 92% of Denmark's energy consumption came from imported oil. The

1973 oil crisis In October 1973, the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) announced that it was implementing a total oil embargo against countries that had supported Israel at any point during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, which began after Eg ...

forced Denmark to rethink its energy policy; in 1978 coal contributed 18%, and the Tvind wind turbine was built, along with the creation of a wind turbine industry. The

1979 energy crisis A drop in oil production in the wake of the Iranian revolution led to an energy crisis in 1979. Although the global oil supply only decreased by approximately four percent, the oil markets' reaction raised the price of crude oil drastically ...

pushed further change, and in 1984 the North Sea natural gas projects began. The North Sea production of oil and gas made Denmark self-sufficient in 1997, peaking in 2005, and decreased below self-sufficiency by 2013. In 2015 Denmark produced 89% of its energy consumption of 720-756 PJ. The year 2014 was the warmest on record in Denmark, with the lowest number of

degree day A degree day is a measure of heating or cooling. Total degree days from an appropriate starting date are used to plan the planting of crops and management of pests and pest control timing. Weekly or monthly degree-day figures may also be used wi ...

s in history. A normal year has 2,906 while 2014 saw only 2,100 degree days.Bernth, Martin.
Mildt vejr skærer 20 procent af varmeregningen
''

Ingeniøren ''Ingeniøren'' (full name: ''Nyhedsmagasinet Ingeniøren'', literally ''The News Magazine "The Engineer"'') is a Danish weekly newspaper specialising in engineering topics. History and profile The paper has covered science and technology issues ...

'', 5 January 2015. Accessed: 5 January 2015. Since 2000, Denmark has increased

Gross National Product The gross national income (GNI), previously known as gross national product (GNP), is the total amount of factor incomes earned by the residents of a country. It is equal to gross domestic product (GDP), plus factor incomes received from n ...

and decreased energy consumption.

Energy statistics

Energy plan

The 2017 energy plan for the country set a target of achieving at least 50% renewables by 2030. This includes 11.5 GW of onshore and 13 GW of offshore wind power by 2030. This was modified in 2019 to target reducing greenhouse gasses in 2030 by 70%, compared to 1990. The target for 2050 is 100% renewable energy. Over the past decade, Denmark's energy sector has seen significant changes, characterized by a decrease in the total energy supply (TES) and shifts in the

energy mix The energy mix is a group of different primary energy, primary energy sources from which secondary energy for direct use - such as electricity - is produced. Energy mix refers to all direct uses of energy, such as transportation and housing, and ...

. The TES declined from 812 Petajoules (PJ) in 2010 to 671 PJ in 2019, then slightly increased to 678 PJ by 2022. During the same period, the reliance on fossil fuels significantly reduced, falling from 75% of the energy mix in 2011 to 53% in 2022, well below the

International Energy Agency The International Energy Agency (IEA) is a Paris-based autonomous intergovernmental organization, established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global energy sector. The 31 member countries and 13 associatio ...

(IEA) average of 79%. Notably, the share of oil in the TES has consistently remained at 36%. The transition towards more sustainable energy sources in Denmark has been driven by the expanded use of wind power and the adoption of biogas and biomass. As a consequence, the shares of coal and natural gas in the energy mix have decreased from 18% and 21% in 2011 to 6.9% and 9.3% in 2022, respectively. In parallel, the contribution of

bioenergy Bioenergy is a type of renewable energy that is derived from plants and animal waste. The Biomass (energy), biomass that is used as input materials consists of recently living (but now dead) organisms, mainly plants. Thus, Fossil fuel, fossil fu ...

and waste to the energy mix has increased from 20% to 34%, while the share of variable renewables, primarily wind energy with a supplementary role of solar photovoltaics (PV), has grown from 5% to 9%.

Energy sources

Fossil fuels

Coal

Denmark has drastically reduced the role of coal in both electricity generation and district heating. Less than 11% of the electricity produced in the country came from coal (2019)Monthly OECD Electricity Statistics
/ref> and only about 12% of the energy used for district heating came from coal and oil combined (2017). This is a radical change, considering that coal provided 48.0% of the

electricity Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter possessing an electric charge. Electricity is related to magnetism, both being part of the phenomenon of electromagnetism, as described by Maxwel ...

and 22.0% of the heat in

district heating District heating (also known as heat networks) is a system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location through a system of insulated pipes for residential and commercial heating requirements such as space heater, space heating and w ...

in 2008; and in total provided 21.6% of total energy consumption (187 PJ out of 864 PJ). The coal is mainly imported from outside Europe. Consumption of coal was more than halved over the 10 years between 2004 and 2014.Energy statistics, 2014
page 12ENERGISTATISTIK 2015
page 3. Quote: "2015 var præget af stor nettoelimport, hvilket hovedsageligt betød et kraftigt fald i forbruget af kul på 35,8%" Coal constituted 41% of the mass fuels (not wind and sun) in 2015, and is expected to decrease to 14% in 2025, mostly replaced by biofuels. The two remaining coal power stations, which between them can generate 730 MW of power, were scheduled to cease in March 2023, however in late 2022, due to the energy crisis, they were given a reprieve until June 2024.

Oil

Production of crude oil fell from 523 PJ in 2010 to 470 PJ in 2011. As of May 2014, Denmark produced an average of 172 kbpd.
''

Danish Energy Agency The Danish Energy Agency (Danish: Energistyrelsen) was established in 1976 as an agency of the Danish Ministry of Transport. It was part of the Ministry of Environment and Energy from 1994 to 2001. In 2007 it came under the newly created Danish Mini ...

'', May 2014. Accessed: 26 June 2014. Danish oil companies donate DKK 1 billion over 10 years to

Technical University of Denmark The Technical University of Denmark (), often simply referred to as DTU, is a polytechnic university and school of engineering. It was founded in 1829 at the initiative of Hans Christian Ørsted as Denmark's first polytechnic, and it is today ran ...

to increase production. Danish oil reserves are expected to run out around 2047. See List of oil and gas fields of the North Sea for a full list of oil and gas fields in the Danish sector of the North Sea and links to individual fields. Consumption fell from 315 to 306 PJ during 2011.Main energy statistics 2011
'' Danish Ministry of Climate and Energy'', 20 March 2012. Accessed: 20 March 2012. Official statistics estimate 231,000 residences heated by oil in 2014 (down from 328,000 in 2013), but only 87,000 actually purchased oil during 2014.Wittrup, Sanne.
Halvdelen af landets oliefyr er forsvundet
''

'', 9 April 2015. Accessed: 9 April 2015. In 2022, oil represented 37% of Denmark's Total Energy Supply (TES), in line with the International Energy Agency (IEA) average of 35%. Its stable share over the past decade saw a slight decrease in Total Final Energy Consumption (TFEC) from 45% in 2011 to 38% in 2021, primarily due to shifts in the transport sector. The share of oil in domestic energy production also decreased from 55% in 2012 to 34% in 2022, with its role in electricity generation remaining minimal at less than 0.9%. The

Covid-19 pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic (also known as the coronavirus pandemic and COVID pandemic), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), began with an disease outbreak, outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, in December ...

and geopolitical shifts, especially

Russia's invasion of Ukraine On 24 February 2022, , starting the largest and deadliest war in Europe since World War II, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, conflict between the two countries which began in 2014. The fighting has caused hundreds of thou ...

, significantly impacted Denmark's oil demand. Previously, Denmark heavily relied on Russian oil imports. In response to the invasion, EU sanctions on Russian oil imports were implemented, effective from 5 December 2022 for crude oil and from 5 February 2023 for oil products. Denmark stopped importing Russian crude oil in spring 2022 and subsequently diversified its oil trade.

Natural gas

The production of natural gas fell from 307 PJ in 2010 to 265 PJ in 2011. Consumption fell from 187 to 157 PJ. See List of oil and gas fields of the North Sea for a full list of oil and gas fields in the Danish sector of the North Sea and links to individual fields. emissions from energy production fell from 49.4 to 44.3 million tons, from 2010 to 2011, a decline of 10%.Dal, Peter
Large drop in energy and
'' Danish Ministry of Climate and Energy'', 20 March 2012. Accessed: 20 March 2012. Quote: "" Natural gas was responsible for 6% of the country's electricity production (2019); in district heating, it had a 20% share of the

(2017). In Denmark, natural gas plays a minor role in the energy system, with strategies aimed at reducing its use and phasing it out entirely. The country plans to end individual gas heating by 2035 and switch to 100% green renewable gases by 2030. The past two decades have seen a significant decrease in natural gas production, from 30% of the country's

energy production Energy development is the field of activities focused on obtaining sources of energy from natural resources. These activities include the production of renewable, nuclear, and fossil fuel derived sources of energy, and for the recovery and re ...

in 2005 to 13% in 2022. This decline is observed across the board: in total energy supply (dropping from 23% to 9%), in heat generation (from 31% to 7%), and in electricity generation (from 24% to 3%). Despite these reductions, natural gas's proportion of Total Final Energy Consumption (TFEC) has maintained a steady rate of 12% in 2021.

Renewable energy

Denmark is fourth among International Energy Agency (IEA) member countries in the share of renewables in total final energy consumption (TFEC), with 40% of its TFEC from

renewable sources A renewable resource (also known as a flow resource) is a natural resource which will replenish to replace the portion depleted by usage and consumption, either through natural reproduction or other recurring processes in a finite amount of ti ...

in 2021, surpassing the IEA average of 14%. Renewable energy in TFEC has doubled from 100 Petajoules (PJ) in 2005 to 221 PJ in 2021, primarily due to its increased role in electricity generation. Bioenergy leads the renewable energy mix, contributing 18% to TFEC, followed by wind at 10%, solid biomass at 8%, liquid biofuels at 2%, and solar at 1%. Renewable energy includes biomass, wind, solar, and geothermal energy sources.

Biomass

The role of biomass grew as Denmark was phasing out fossil fuels, particularly coal. 20% of electricity produced in Denmark came from biomass (2019), more than from coal and natural gas combined. In district heating, use of biomass and biodegradable waste was one of multiple factors which helped bring down the share of fossil fuels and (non-biodegradable) waste to under 40% of the energy mix. Denmark consumed 2.1 million tonnes of

wood pellet Pellet fuels (or pellets) are a type of solid fuel made from compressed organic material. Pellets can be made from any one of five general categories of biomass: industrial waste and co-products, food waste, agricultural residues, energy crops, an ...

s in 2014, expected to increase by 1.2 million tonnes as more coal is replaced. They are mainly imported from the

Baltic states The Baltic states or the Baltic countries is a geopolitical term encompassing Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. All three countries are members of NATO, the European Union, the Eurozone, and the OECD. The three sovereign states on the eastern co ...

and Russia. Denmark also burns wood chips and straw, mostly for heating.

Wind

Wind provided 57% of the electricity generated in

in 2019, and at least 47% of

's total electricity consumption in 2019. Denmark is a long-time leader in wind energy, and Denmark derives 3.1 percent of its

Gross Domestic Product Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the total market value of all the final goods and services produced and rendered in a specific time period by a country or countries. GDP is often used to measure the economic performanc ...

from

renewable energy Renewable energy (also called green energy) is energy made from renewable resource, renewable natural resources that are replenished on a human lifetime, human timescale. The most widely used renewable energy types are solar energy, wind pow ...

technology and energy efficiency, or around €6.5 billion ($9.4 billion). To encourage investment in

wind power Wind power is the use of wind energy to generate useful work. Historically, wind power was used by sails, windmills and windpumps, but today it is mostly used to generate electricity. This article deals only with wind power for electricity ge ...

, families were offered a

tax exemption Tax exemption is the reduction or removal of a liability to make a compulsory payment that would otherwise be imposed by a ruling power upon persons, property, income, or transactions. Tax-exempt status may provide complete relief from taxes, redu ...

for generating their own electricity within their own or an adjoining

municipality A municipality is usually a single administrative division having municipal corporation, corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality' ...

. While this could involve purchasing a turbine outright, more often families purchased shares in

wind turbine A wind turbine is a device that wind power, converts the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy. , hundreds of thousands of list of most powerful wind turbines, large turbines, in installations known as wind farms, were generating over ...

cooperatives which in turn invested in community wind turbines. By 2004 over 150,000 Danes were either members of cooperatives or owned turbines, and about 5,500 turbines had been installed, although with greater private sector involvement the proportion owned by cooperatives had fallen to 75%. The EU wishes to increase offshore wind power and Denmark has committed to increase the 2023 amount of 2.3 GW to 13 GW by 2030.

Solar

Denmark had 790 MW of

photovoltaic Photovoltaics (PV) is the conversion of light into electricity using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect, a phenomenon studied in physics, photochemistry, and electrochemistry. The photovoltaic effect is commercially ...

capacity in late 2015, and already reached its year 2020 governmental goal of installing 200 MW in 2012.Denmark reaches 2020-goal for solar energy before time
12.09.2012 As of 2013, the total PV capacity from 90,000 private installations amounts to 500 MW. Danish energy sector players estimate that this development will result in 1000 MW by 2020 and 3400 MW by 2030.

Solar heating A solar thermal collector collects heat by Absorption (optics), absorbing sunlight. The term "solar collector" commonly refers to a device for solar hot water panel, solar hot water heating, but may refer to large power generating installations ...

is installed in some homes,EurObserv'ER: Solar thermal and concentrated solar power barometer - May 2014
and also used in district heating. Denmark had 3,372 MW of grid-connected PV capacity at the end June 2023,

Geothermal

has three geothermal district heating plants; a 7 MW in Thisted started in 1988, a 14 MW in Copenhagen started in 2005, and a 12 MW in

Sønderborg (; ) is a Denmark, Danish town in the Region of Southern Denmark. It is the main town and the administrative seat of Sønderborg Municipality (Kommune). The town has a population of 28,333 (1 January 2025),Rekord lav CO2-udledning fra elforbrug i 2015
" '' Energinet.dk'', 1 March 2015. An average of 10% of

domestic energy consumption Domestic energy consumption refers to the total energy consumption of a single household. Globally, the amount of energy used per household may vary significantly, depending on factors such as the standard of living of the country, the climate, t ...

comes from imports from neighboring countries Sweden and Germany, which both generate nuclear power. In Sweden, about 40% of the energy is generated by nuclear power and in Germany less than 20% by nuclear power. In 2011, with imports of 2.9 TWh from Germany and 5.2 TWh from Sweden, about 3.5TWh used was from countries that generate nuclear power – nearly 11% of total final consumption. This fluctuates year to year, mainly due to hydro reservoir levels via NordPool prices, and analysis showed 1% from countries that generate nuclear power in 2010, 7% in 2011 and 14% in 2012.

Electricity

In 2022, Denmark produced 35 Terawatt-hours (TWh) of electricity, with

representing about 83.3% of total

electricity generation Electricity generation is the process of generating electric power from sources of primary energy. For electric utility, utilities in the electric power industry, it is the stage prior to its Electricity delivery, delivery (Electric power transm ...

. Wind energy led this segment, accounting for 54%, while bioenergy and waste contributed 23%, and solar energy added 6.3%. The rest of the electricity generation came from non-renewable sources: coal at 13%, natural gas at 2.9%, and oil at 0.9%.Denmark is a net importer of electricity; domestic electricity production was equal to 83% of the consumption, and net imports were 17% of the consumption. Imported electricity is also mostly

low-carbon A low-carbon economy (LCE) is an economy which absorbs as much greenhouse gas as it emits. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to human activity are the dominant cause of observed climate change since the mid-20th century. There are many proven ...

, although from different sources than domestic production: for example, the country imports hydroelectricity from

Norway Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard also form part of the Kingdom of ...

, and hydroelectricity and nuclear power (with other sources possibly in the mix) from

Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, and Finland to the east. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic count ...

. Denmark has average electricity

cost Cost is the value of money that has been used up to produce something or deliver a service, and hence is not available for use anymore. In business, the cost may be one of acquisition, in which case the amount of money expended to acquire it i ...

s (including about DKK 5 billion in costs for cleaner energy) in EU for industries at 9 eurocent/kWh,Electricity prices for industrial consumers
''

Eurostat Eurostat ("European Statistical Office"; also DG ESTAT) is a department of the European Commission ( Directorate-General), located in the Kirchberg quarter of Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. Eurostat's main responsibilities are to provide statist ...

'', October 2015 but general

tax A tax is a mandatory financial charge or levy imposed on an individual or legal entity by a governmental organization to support government spending and public expenditures collectively or to regulate and reduce negative externalities. Tax co ...

es increase the household

price A price is the (usually not negative) quantity of payment or compensation expected, required, or given by one party to another in return for goods or services. In some situations, especially when the product is a service rather than a ph ...

to the highest in Europe at 31 eurocent/kWh. Transmission costs are around 1c/kWh, and support regimes cost 2 c/kWh in 2014.

District heating

Danish

plants use 100

Petajoule The joule ( , or ; symbol: J) is the unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI). In terms of SI base units, one joule corresponds to one kilogram-metre, metre squared per second, second squared One joule is equal to the amount ...

/year, mostly waste heat from thermal power plants burning biomass, coal, natural gas and garbage, but a small part of this consumption is from electrode boilersWittrup, Sanne.
Dong: Vores kraftværker bruger allerede billig vindmøllestrøm i elpatroner
''

'', 15 January 2015. Retrieved: January 2015. or heat pumps. Expansion of wind powered district heating is calculated to be economically efficient without taxes. The peak thermal load of district heating in Copenhagen is 2.5 GW_th, and simulations suggest a potential heat pump would run 3,500 load-hours per year using sewage water as the heat reservoir. In 2020, the average -eq emission for Copenhagen district heating was around 50 g/kWh. In 2013, Denmark imported 158,000 ton garbage for incineration in 10 district heating plants, increasing to 323,963 ton in 20 plants in 2015, about 10% of burnt waste. The pipe heat loss is 17%, at a value of DKK 150 million. New pipes have a heat loss of 6.5%. There are 60,000 km of pipes, serving 1.6 million households. Several towns use

central solar heating Central solar heating is the provision of central heating and hot water from solar energy by a system in which the water is heated centrally by arrays of solar thermal collectors (central solar heating plants - CSHPs) and distributed through dist ...

, some with storage.

Transport

Denmark aims to focus on intelligent battery systems ( V2G) and plug-in vehicles in the transport sector. Tax revenue from vehicles was 28 billion DKK in 2014.

Cities

Copenhagen Copenhagen ( ) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark, with a population of 1.4 million in the Urban area of Copenhagen, urban area. The city is situated on the islands of Zealand and Amager, separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the ...

has a target to be carbon-neutral by 2025, and has burned more biomass and less coal during 2004–2014.

Aarhus Aarhus (, , ; officially spelled Århus from 1948 until 1 January 2011) is the second-largest city in Denmark and the seat of Aarhus municipality, Aarhus Municipality. It is located on the eastern shore of Jutland in the Kattegat sea and app ...

aims to be carbon-neutral by 2030.

Energy taxes

¹Not applicable for industry Fuel is not taxed for ships and planes to other countries. Coal and gas for electricity is not taxed. Minor taxes are called "Compulsory storage fee" and " tax".

Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . It is made up of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalent bond, covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is found in a gas state at room temperature and at norma ...

tax is 0.09 DKK/kWh for electricity. Fossil fuels are taxed at about 90 DKK/ton . Energy taxes contributed 34 billion DKK in 2015, about 12% of overall taxing revenue. The money is a considerable income for the state, and changing the composition of the taxes towards a "greener" mix is difficult. According to a government official, the majority of taxes are not based on environment concerns, in contrast to the DKK 5 billion per year in PSO-money for cleaner energy, paid by electricity consumers to producers of clean electricity. These tolls are not available for government consumption.Fremskrivning af PSO-udgifter
page 6+17. ''

'', 19 May 2014. Retrieved: 17 January 2015.

Carbon tax

As of 2002, the standard

carbon tax A carbon tax is a tax levied on the carbon emissions from producing goods and services. Carbon taxes are intended to make visible the hidden Social cost of carbon, social costs of carbon emissions. They are designed to reduce greenhouse gas emis ...

rate since 1996 amounted to per tonne of , equivalent to approximately €13 or . The rate varies from per tonne of oil to per tonne of natural gas and 0 for non-combustible renewables. The rate for electricity is per tonne or 10 øre per kWh, equivalent to or per kWh. The tax applies to all energy users. Industrial companies can be taxed differently according to the process the energy is used for, and whether or not the company has entered into a voluntary agreement to apply

energy efficiency Energy efficiency may refer to: * Energy efficiency (physics), the ratio between the useful output and input of an energy conversion process ** Electrical efficiency, useful power output per electrical power consumed ** Mechanical efficiency, a rat ...

measures. In 1992, Denmark issued a carbon tax, charging about for business and for households, per ton of . However, Denmark offers a

tax refund A tax refund is a payment to the taxpayer due because the taxpayer has paid more taxes than owed. United States According to the Internal Revenue Service, 77% of tax returns filed in 2004 resulted in a refund check, with the average refund c ...

for energy efficient changes. Most of the money collected would be put into research for alternative energy resources. In 2022 Denmark approved a carbon tax that will reach 159 dollars per ton of by the year 2030 for companies that are part of the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS). This is the highest carbon tax in Europe. From 2025 a corporate carbon tax will be introduced which is expected to reduce the country’s CO2 emissions by 1.3 MtCO2 by 2025. As of 2023, Denmark has the lowest proportion of enterprises concerned about the energy shock, but it also has a higher proportion of firms with plans in place. Danish firms were also least concerned about energy supplies when compared to other European countries. A lower proportion of firms is concerned about regulatory frameworks/stricter climate requirements and climate uncertainty when compared to other firms.

References

*Lindboe, Hans Henrik&, János Hethey.
Vindintegration i Danmark
" ''Ea Energianalyse'', November 2014. Retrieved: January 2015

External links

Danish Energy Agency
{{Europe topic, Energy in